don't need the directory here

minor edits to create-disk.sh to work with some of the changes for now

.gitea/workflows/onpush.yaml

@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+name: Daily Build and trunk tester
+on:
+  push:
+    branches: [ $default-branch ]
+  pull_request:
+    branches: [ $default-branch ]
+  schedule:
+    - cron: "0 7 * * *"   # daily 07:00
+  workflow_dispatch: {}
+
+jobs:
+  debian_update:
+    runs-on: debian-trixie
+    steps:
+      - name: Checkout (if needed)
+        uses: actions/checkout@v4
+
+      - name: Install CHTM apt cache endpoint into container
+        run: |
+          echo 'Acquire::http::Proxy "http://chtm-aptcache-01.lan.chtm.me:3142";' | tee /etc/apt/apt.conf.d/01aptproxy
+      
+      - name: Ensure image is up to date and install build tools and deps
+        run: |
+          bash -c "apt update && apt upgrade -y"
+          apt install -y build-essential nasm mtools fdisk dosfstools 
+
+      - name: Build stevia
+        run: make
+
+      - name: Upload build artifacts
+        if: always()   # still keep logs/artifacts even if build fails
+        uses: actions/upload-artifact@v3
+        with:
+          name: stevia-${{ github.run_number }}
+          path: |
+            build/output/artifacts.tar.gz
+            build/output/disk.img.gz
+            build/output/part.img.gz
+          if-no-files-found: error
+          retention-days: 30   # override server default if you like

.github/workflows/daily.yaml

@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+name: Daily Build and trunk tester
+on:
+  push:
+    branches: [ $default-branch ]
+  schedule:
+    - cron: "0 7 * * *"   # daily 07:00
+  workflow_dispatch: {}
+
+jobs:
+  debian_update:
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    steps:
+      - name: Checkout (if needed)
+        uses: actions/checkout@v4
+      
+      - name: Update and install build tools and deps
+        run: |
+          sudo bash -c "apt update && apt upgrade -y"
+          sudo apt install -y build-essential nasm mtools fdisk dosfstools 
+
+      - name: Build stevia
+        run: make
+
+      - name: Upload build artifacts
+        if: always()   # still keep logs/artifacts even if build fails
+        uses: actions/upload-artifact@v4
+        with:
+          name: stevia-${{ github.run_number }}
+          path: |
+            build/output/artifacts.tar.gz
+            build/output/disk.img.gz
+            build/output/part.img.gz
+          if-no-files-found: error
+          retention-days: 7   # override server default if you like
+          

.gitignore

@@ -1,5 +1,13 @@
-out/*
 build/*
+build/output/*
 *.img
+*.img.gz
+*.img.gz
 *.elf
-bx_enh_dbg.ini
+bx_enh_dbg.ini
+stevia-log
+.vscode/
+*.map
+compose-dev.yaml
+eth_null-tx.log
+eth_null-txdump.txt

COPYING

@@ -0,0 +1,674 @@
+                    GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE
+                       Version 3, 29 June 2007
+
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+conveyed by you (or copies made from those copies), or (b) primarily
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+contain the covered work, unless you entered into that arrangement,
+or that patent license was granted, prior to 28 March 2007.
+
+  Nothing in this License shall be construed as excluding or limiting
+any implied license or other defenses to infringement that may
+otherwise be available to you under applicable patent law.
+
+  12. No Surrender of Others' Freedom.
+
+  If conditions are imposed on you (whether by court order, agreement or
+otherwise) that contradict the conditions of this License, they do not
+excuse you from the conditions of this License.  If you cannot convey a
+covered work so as to satisfy simultaneously your obligations under this
+License and any other pertinent obligations, then as a consequence you may
+not convey it at all.  For example, if you agree to terms that obligate you
+to collect a royalty for further conveying from those to whom you convey
+the Program, the only way you could satisfy both those terms and this
+License would be to refrain entirely from conveying the Program.
+
+  13. Use with the GNU Affero General Public License.
+
+  Notwithstanding any other provision of this License, you have
+permission to link or combine any covered work with a work licensed
+under version 3 of the GNU Affero General Public License into a single
+combined work, and to convey the resulting work.  The terms of this
+License will continue to apply to the part which is the covered work,
+but the special requirements of the GNU Affero General Public License,
+section 13, concerning interaction through a network will apply to the
+combination as such.
+
+  14. Revised Versions of this License.
+
+  The Free Software Foundation may publish revised and/or new versions of
+the GNU General Public License from time to time.  Such new versions will
+be similar in spirit to the present version, but may differ in detail to
+address new problems or concerns.
+
+  Each version is given a distinguishing version number.  If the
+Program specifies that a certain numbered version of the GNU General
+Public License "or any later version" applies to it, you have the
+option of following the terms and conditions either of that numbered
+version or of any later version published by the Free Software
+Foundation.  If the Program does not specify a version number of the
+GNU General Public License, you may choose any version ever published
+by the Free Software Foundation.
+
+  If the Program specifies that a proxy can decide which future
+versions of the GNU General Public License can be used, that proxy's
+public statement of acceptance of a version permanently authorizes you
+to choose that version for the Program.
+
+  Later license versions may give you additional or different
+permissions.  However, no additional obligations are imposed on any
+author or copyright holder as a result of your choosing to follow a
+later version.
+
+  15. Disclaimer of Warranty.
+
+  THERE IS NO WARRANTY FOR THE PROGRAM, TO THE EXTENT PERMITTED BY
+APPLICABLE LAW.  EXCEPT WHEN OTHERWISE STATED IN WRITING THE COPYRIGHT
+HOLDERS AND/OR OTHER PARTIES PROVIDE THE PROGRAM "AS IS" WITHOUT WARRANTY
+OF ANY KIND, EITHER EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO,
+THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR
+PURPOSE.  THE ENTIRE RISK AS TO THE QUALITY AND PERFORMANCE OF THE PROGRAM
+IS WITH YOU.  SHOULD THE PROGRAM PROVE DEFECTIVE, YOU ASSUME THE COST OF
+ALL NECESSARY SERVICING, REPAIR OR CORRECTION.
+
+  16. Limitation of Liability.
+
+  IN NO EVENT UNLESS REQUIRED BY APPLICABLE LAW OR AGREED TO IN WRITING
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+PARTIES OR A FAILURE OF THE PROGRAM TO OPERATE WITH ANY OTHER PROGRAMS),
+EVEN IF SUCH HOLDER OR OTHER PARTY HAS BEEN ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
+SUCH DAMAGES.
+
+  17. Interpretation of Sections 15 and 16.
+
+  If the disclaimer of warranty and limitation of liability provided
+above cannot be given local legal effect according to their terms,
+reviewing courts shall apply local law that most closely approximates
+an absolute waiver of all civil liability in connection with the
+Program, unless a warranty or assumption of liability accompanies a
+copy of the Program in return for a fee.
+
+                     END OF TERMS AND CONDITIONS
+
+            How to Apply These Terms to Your New Programs
+
+  If you develop a new program, and you want it to be of the greatest
+possible use to the public, the best way to achieve this is to make it
+free software which everyone can redistribute and change under these terms.
+
+  To do so, attach the following notices to the program.  It is safest
+to attach them to the start of each source file to most effectively
+state the exclusion of warranty; and each file should have at least
+the "copyright" line and a pointer to where the full notice is found.
+
+    <one line to give the program's name and a brief idea of what it does.>
+    Copyright (C) <year>  <name of author>
+
+    This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+    it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+    the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+    (at your option) any later version.
+
+    This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+    but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+    MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+    GNU General Public License for more details.
+
+    You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+    along with this program.  If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+Also add information on how to contact you by electronic and paper mail.
+
+  If the program does terminal interaction, make it output a short
+notice like this when it starts in an interactive mode:
+
+    <program>  Copyright (C) <year>  <name of author>
+    This program comes with ABSOLUTELY NO WARRANTY; for details type `show w'.
+    This is free software, and you are welcome to redistribute it
+    under certain conditions; type `show c' for details.
+
+The hypothetical commands `show w' and `show c' should show the appropriate
+parts of the General Public License.  Of course, your program's commands
+might be different; for a GUI interface, you would use an "about box".
+
+  You should also get your employer (if you work as a programmer) or school,
+if any, to sign a "copyright disclaimer" for the program, if necessary.
+For more information on this, and how to apply and follow the GNU GPL, see
+<https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+  The GNU General Public License does not permit incorporating your program
+into proprietary programs.  If your program is a subroutine library, you
+may consider it more useful to permit linking proprietary applications with
+the library.  If this is what you want to do, use the GNU Lesser General
+Public License instead of this License.  But first, please read
+<https://www.gnu.org/licenses/why-not-lgpl.html>.

LICENSE.md

@@ -1,19 +0,0 @@
-Copyright (c) 2023 Elaina Claus
-
-Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
-of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
-in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
-to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
-copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
-furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
-
-The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
-copies or substantial portions of the Software.
-
-THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
-IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
-FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
-AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
-LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
-OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE
-SOFTWARE.

Makefile

@@ -1,58 +1,105 @@
-iso := 'disk.img'
+# Copyright (C) 2025 Elaina Claus
+# 
+#     This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+#     it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+#     the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+#     (at your option) any later version.
+# 
+#     This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+#     but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+#     MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+#     GNU General Public License for more details.
+# 
+#     You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+#     along with this program.  If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
 
-include := './include'
+INCDIR := include
+BUILD_DIR := build
+IMG := $(BUILD_DIR)/disk.img
+IMGZ := $(BUILD_DIR)/disk.img.gz
+DEP_DIR     := $(BUILD_DIR)/deps
 
-mbr_source_files := $(wildcard src/mbr/*.s)
-vbr_source_files := $(wildcard src/vbr/*.s)
-stage2_source_files := $(wildcard src/stage2/*.s)
-boottest_source_files := $(wildcard src/miniboot32/*.s)
+# Get current Git version (tag) and hash
+GIT_VERSION := $(shell git describe --tags --always --dirty 2>/dev/null || echo unknown)
+GIT_HASH := $(shell git rev-parse HEAD 2>/dev/null || echo unknown)
+GIT_NASM_DEFINES := -D __GIT_VER__='"$(GIT_VERSION)"' -D __GIT_HASH__='"$(GIT_HASH)"'
 
-mbr_binary_files := $(patsubst src/mbr/%.s, build/%.bin, $(mbr_source_files))
-vbr_binary_files := $(patsubst src/vbr/%.s, build/%.bin, $(vbr_source_files))
-stage2_binary_files := $(patsubst src/stage2/%.s, build/%.bin, $(stage2_source_files))
-boottest_binary_files := $(patsubst src/miniboot32/%.s, build/%.bin, $(boottest_source_files))
+NASMFLAGS   := -Wall -f bin -i$(INCDIR)/ $(GIT_NASM_DEFINES)
 
-build_dir := 'build'
+QEMU        ?= qemu-system-i386
+QEMU_OPTS   ?= -L ./bin/ -bios bios.bin -cpu pentium3 -m 64 -S -s -monitor stdio -nic none
 
-qemu_args := -L ./bin/ -bios bios.bin -cpu pentium3 -m 64 -S -s -monitor stdio -nic none
-.PHONY: all mbr vbr stage2 boottest clean run run_bochs iso
+MBR_SRCS 	  := $(wildcard src/mbr/*.nasm)
+VBR_SRCS 	  := $(wildcard src/vbr/*.nasm)
+STAGE2_SRCS   := $(wildcard src/stage2/*.nasm)
+BOOTTEST_SRCS := $(wildcard src/miniboot32/*.nasm)
 
-all: $(iso) $(mbr_binary_files) $(vbr_binary_files) $(stage2_binary_files)
-mbr: $(mbr_binary_files)
-vbr: $(vbr_binary_files)
-stage2: $(stage2_binary_files)
-boottest: $(boottest_binary_files)
+MBR_BINS 	  := $(patsubst src/mbr/%.nasm, $(BUILD_DIR)/mbr/%.bin, $(MBR_SRCS))
+VBR_BINS 	  := $(patsubst src/vbr/%.nasm, $(BUILD_DIR)/vbr/%.bin, $(VBR_SRCS))
+STAGE2_BINS   := $(patsubst src/stage2/%.nasm, $(BUILD_DIR)/stage2/%.bin, $(STAGE2_SRCS))
+BOOTTEST_BINS := $(patsubst src/miniboot32/%.nasm, $(BUILD_DIR)/miniboot32/%.bin, $(BOOTTEST_SRCS))
 
-clean:
-	@rm -rvf $(build_dir)/*
-	@rm -rvf $(iso)
+ALL_BINS	  := $(MBR_BINS) $(VBR_BINS) $(STAGE2_BINS) $(BOOTTEST_BINS)
 
-run: $(iso)
-	@sudo qemu-system-i386 $(qemu_args) -hda $(iso)
+.DEFAULT_GOAL := all
+.DELETE_ON_ERROR:
 
-run_bochs: $(iso)
+.PHONY: all mbr vbr stage2 boottest clean run run_qemu run_bochs img imgz help
+all: $(IMG) $(IMGZ) $(ALL_BINS)
+mbr: $(MBR_BINS)
+vbr: $(VBR_BINS)
+stage2: $(STAGE2_BINS)
+boottest: $(BOOTTEST_BINS)
+
+# Build Rules
+
+$(BUILD_DIR)/mbr/%.bin: src/mbr/%.nasm | $(DEP_DIR)
+	@mkdir -p $(@D)
+	@nasm $(NASMFLAGS) -MD $(DEP_DIR)/$*.d -MT $@ $< -o $@
+
+$(BUILD_DIR)/vbr/%.bin: src/vbr/%.nasm | $(DEP_DIR)
+	@mkdir -p $(@D)
+	@nasm $(NASMFLAGS) -MD $(DEP_DIR)/$*.d -MT $@ $< -o $@
+
+$(BUILD_DIR)/stage2/%.bin: src/stage2/%.nasm | $(DEP_DIR)
+	@mkdir -p $(@D)
+	@nasm $(NASMFLAGS) -MD $(DEP_DIR)/$*.d -MT $@ $< -o $@
+
+$(BUILD_DIR)/miniboot32/%.bin: src/miniboot32/%.nasm | $(DEP_DIR)
+	@mkdir -p $(@D)
+	@nasm $(NASMFLAGS) -MD $(DEP_DIR)/$*.d -MT $@ $< -o $@
+
+
+$(DEP_DIR):
+	@mkdir -p $@
+
+# Disk image's
+
+$(IMG): $(ALL_BINS) | scripts/create-disk.sh
+	@scripts/create-disk.sh
+
+$(IMGZ): $(IMG)
+	@gzip -9kc $(IMG) > $(IMGZ)
+
+img: $(IMG)
+	@file $(IMG)
+
+imgz: $(IMGZ)
+	@file $(IMGZ)
+
+# Helpers
+
+run: $(IMG)
+	@$(QEMU) $(QEMU_OPTS) -hda $(IMG)
+
+run_bochs: $(IMG)
 	@bochs -q
 
-iso: $(iso)
-	@file disk.img
+clean:
+	@$(RM) -rv $(BUILD_DIR)/
 
-build/%.bin: src/mbr/%.s
-	@mkdir -p $(shell dirname $@)
-	@nasm -i$(include) -Wall -f bin $< -o $@
-
-build/%.bin: src/vbr/%.s
-	@mkdir -p $(shell dirname $@)
-	@nasm -i$(include) -Wall -f bin $< -o $@
-
-build/%.bin: src/stage2/%.s
-	@mkdir -p $(shell dirname $@)
-	@nasm -i$(include) -Wall -f bin $< -o $@
-
-build/%.bin: src/miniboot32/%.s
-	@mkdir -p $(shell dirname $@)
-	@nasm -i$(include) -Wall -f bin $< -o $@
-
-$(iso): $(mbr_binary_files) $(vbr_binary_files) $(stage2_binary_files) $(boottest_binary_files)
-	@echo root access needed to create disk image...
-	@sudo scripts/create-disk.sh
+help:
+	@awk '/^[A-Za-z0-9_%-]+:/{print $$1}' $(MAKEFILE_LIST) | sed 's/:$$//' | sort -u
 
+# Include header deps
+-include $(wildcard $(DEP_DIR)/*.d)

README.md

@@ -1,85 +1,61 @@
-# stevia
+# Stevia Bootloader
 
-This is a hobby project that aims to create a simple and lightweight operating system kernel. It is written in Assembly and C, and uses the GNU toolchain and Bochs emulator. The project features (or is hoping to feature):
+Stevia is a lightweight, hobby bootloader written in Assembly and C, designed for educational purposes. It targets 686+ and aims to be simple, approachable, and understandable, focusing on minimalism and core functionality.
 
-- A boot loader that loads the kernel from a floppy disk image
-- A kernel that implements basic functions, such as printing messages, handling interrupts, and managing memory
-- A shell that allows user input and execution of commands
-- A simple text editor that can create and edit files
-- A calculator that can perform arithmetic operations
-- (big maybe) micropython or some other language, cross compiling, etc...
+## Features
 
-## Why?
+### Currently Implemented
 
-I enjoy bare metal programing and I have an old Dell system with a Pentium 3, I did this mostly to learn how to write a legacy style bootloader (I am also kinda working on a UEFI bootloader/utility as well!)
+- **Stage 1 Bootloader**: Loads from the Master Boot Record (MBR) and prepares the system for Stage 2.
+- **Stage 2 Bootloader**: Loads the kernel into memory and passes control.
+- **Basic Filesystem Support**: Initial filesystem recognition (details depend on implemented filesystem support).
+- **Memory Map Parsing**: Detects available memory regions via BIOS interrupts.
+- **GDT Initialization**: Sets up the Global Descriptor Table for protected/unreal mode.
+
+### Planned Features
+
+- **Interrupt Descriptor Table (IDT) Setup**: Setting up basic interrupt handling.
+- **Basic Keyboard Input**: Initial support for capturing keystrokes.
+- **Filesystem Expansion**: Support for additional filesystems.
 
 ## Installation
 
-To build and run this project, you need to have the following tools installed:
+### Prerequisites
 
-- A host system running Linux, macOS (should work 🤷‍♀️), or Windows 11 with WSL2/WSLg
-- GNU Binutils
-- GNU GCC
-- GNU Make
-- NASM
-- Bochs (for testing, project might run on other virtuization/emulation platforms, I target the Pentium 3 Era with this project)
+To build and run Stevia, you will need the following tools installed on your system:
 
-To build the project, run `make` in the root directory. This will generate a floppy disk image named `stevia.img` that contains the boot loader and the kernel.
+- **Assembler**: NASM for assembling bootloader components, you could use a compatible assembler but YMMV.
+- **GNU make**: For building the project.
+- **mtools**: To access the FAT partition
+- **fdisk**: To create disk images and setup partition tables
+- **dosfstools**: FAT32 creation
+- **an x86 Emulator**: Bochs is the primary dev target, but stevia should run on any x86 emulator/hardware with at least a Pentium 3 and 640KiB of memory.
 
-To run the project, run `bochs -f bochsrc.txt` in the root directory. This will launch the Bochs emulator and load the floppy disk image. You should see the boot loader message, followed by the kernel message, and then the shell prompt.
+### Building and Running
 
-To exit the emulator, press `Ctrl+C` in the terminal where you launched Bochs.
+1. **Clone the repository**:
 
-To run the project on real hardware I use a SD card to IDE interface for my test system which is a ~700Mhz P3 with 256 MB of ram. You will need to write the 'stevia.img' to the disk with 'dd'. On real hardware you may encounter issues that are not accounted for since most of the development happens on bochs, please report any issues you encounter.
+   ```sh
+   git clone https://github.com/Nivirx/stevia.git
+   cd stevia
+   ```
+
+2. **Build the bootloader and create a bootable disk image**:
+
+   ```sh
+   make
+   ```
+
+3. **Run using Bochs**:
+
+   ```sh
+   bochs -q -f bochsrc.txt
+   ```
+
+## Project Goals
+
+Stevia is intended to be a learning tool for those interested in low-level programming, focusing on understanding the basics of how a computer starts up and manages early system resources.
 
 ## License
 
-This project is licensed under the MIT License. See the [LICENSE.md](^2^) file for details.
-
-### mbr/mbr.s
-
-This file contains the code for a Master Boot Record (MBR) that attempts to find an active partition to load. The CPU is assumed to be in 16-bit real mode at this point and the bios has loaded the 1st sector of the disk (512 bytes) to 0x0000:0x7C00. First the mbr code relocates from 0x7C00 to 0x0600 and then jumps to the entry point. the loader attempts to load the first active partition it can find and loads the vbr to 0x7c00 (512 bytes) and then jumps to 0x0000:0x7C00. It is written in Assembly and uses BIOS interrupts to read sectors from disk.[^note]
-
-### vbr/vbr.s
-
-This file contains the code for a Volume Boot Record (VBR) that loads the stage2 loader code from the booted disk. It reads disk sectors 1-63 into memory to STAGE2_ENTRY(defaults to 0x7E00 in config.inc) this currently allows for stevia to load up to 32KiB of code to perform bootloader duties. It is written in Assembly and uses BIOS interrupts to read sectors from disk.[^note]
-
-### stage2/stage2.s
-
-This file contains the code for a second-stage boot loader that loads additional modules from disk, performs some system sanity checks, and provides a simple boot interface for options/configuration. It is written in Assembly and uses BIOS interrupts to read sectors from disk.[^note]
-
-### miniboot32/BOOT_386.s
-
-This file contains the code for a 32-bit binary that can be loaded and ran with stevia as a mini demo. It is written in Assembly.[^note]
-
-### scripts/create-disk.sh
-
-This script creates a disk image file for stevia. The disk image file can be used to boot stevia on an emulator or a real machine.
-
-#### Requirements
-
-- Bash shell
-- Root privileges
-- dd utility
-- sfdisk utility (for Linux) or hdiutil & util-linux utility (for macOS, util-linux is needed for sfdisk because hdiutil only creates hybrid disks on newer versions afaik)
-- newfs_msdos utility (for macOS)
-- mkfs.vfat utility (for Linux)
-
-#### Usage
-
-Run the script as root (or just allow the make script to do its business):
-
-```bash
-sudo ./create_disk_image.sh
-```
-
-The script will create a disk image file named `disk.img` in the current directory. The disk image file will have the following characteristics:
-
-- Size: 128 MiB
-- Partition table: DOS
-- Partition 1: FAT32, bootable, starts at sector 2048, contains the boot32 boot test file (`BOOT_386.bin`)
-- Boot code: MBR (`mbr.bin`), VBR (`vbr.bin`), stage2 (sectors 1-63) (`stage2.bin`)
-
-The script will also copy the necessary files from the `build` directory to the disk image file. If the files are not found, the script will exit with an error.
-
-[^note]: **Note:** Please note that the assembly code is strictly targeting the Pentium 3 Katmai uArch, but it might run elsewhere. Your mileage may vary.
+This project is licensed under the GPLv3 License. See the [LICENSE](LICENSE.md) or [COPYING](COPYING) file for more details.

bochsrc.bxrc

@@ -0,0 +1,52 @@
+# configuration file generated by Bochs
+plugin_ctrl: voodoo=false, unmapped=true, biosdev=true, speaker=true, extfpuirq=true, parallel=true, serial=true, busmouse=false, e1000=false, es1370=false, gameport=true, iodebug=true, ne2k=false, sb16=false, usb_uhci=false, usb_ohci=false, usb_ehci=false, usb_xhci=false
+config_interface: win32config
+display_library: win32
+memory: guest=64, host=64, block_size=128
+romimage: file="C:\Program Files\Bochs-2.8\BIOS-bochs-legacy", address=0x00000000, options=none, flash_data=none
+vgaromimage: file="C:\Program Files\Bochs-2.8\VGABIOS-lgpl-latest"
+boot: disk
+floppy_bootsig_check: disabled=1
+floppya: type=1_44
+# no floppyb
+ata0: enabled=true, ioaddr1=0x1f0, ioaddr2=0x3f0, irq=14
+ata0-master: type=disk, path=".\disk.img", mode=flat, cylinders=0, heads=16, spt=63, sect_size=512, model="Stevia Disk", biosdetect=auto, translation=auto
+ata0-slave: type=none
+ata1: enabled=false
+ata2: enabled=false
+ata3: enabled=false
+optromimage1: file=none
+optromimage2: file=none
+optromimage3: file=none
+optromimage4: file=none
+optramimage1: file=none
+optramimage2: file=none
+optramimage3: file=none
+optramimage4: file=none
+pci: enabled=1, chipset=i440fx, slot1=none, slot2=none, slot3=none, slot4=none, slot5=none
+vga: extension=vbe, update_freq=10, realtime=1, ddc=builtin
+cpu: count=1, ips=1000000, model=p3_katmai, reset_on_triple_fault=1, cpuid_limit_winnt=0, ignore_bad_msrs=1, mwait_is_nop=0
+print_timestamps: enabled=0
+debugger_log: -
+magic_break: enabled=1
+port_e9_hack: enabled=true, all_rings=false
+iodebug: all_rings=0
+private_colormap: enabled=0
+clock: sync=none, time0=local, rtc_sync=0
+# no cmosimage
+log: -
+logprefix: %t%e%d
+debug: action=ignore
+info: action=report
+error: action=report
+panic: action=ask
+keyboard: type=mf, serial_delay=150, paste_delay=100000, user_shortcut=none
+mouse: type=none, enabled=false, toggle=ctrl+mbutton
+sound: waveoutdrv=dummy, waveout=none, waveindrv=dummy, wavein=none, midioutdrv=dummy, midiout=none
+speaker: enabled=true, mode=sound, volume=15
+parport1: enabled=false
+parport2: enabled=false
+com1: enabled=false
+com2: enabled=false
+com3: enabled=false
+com4: enabled=false

bochsrc.dbg.txt

@@ -0,0 +1,53 @@
+# configuration file generated by Bochs
+plugin_ctrl: voodoo=false, unmapped=true, biosdev=true, speaker=true, extfpuirq=true, parallel=true, serial=true, busmouse=false, e1000=false, es1370=false, gameport=true, ne2k=false, sb16=false, usb_uhci=false, usb_ohci=false, usb_ehci=false, usb_xhci=false
+config_interface: textconfig
+display_library: sdl2, options=gui_debug
+memory: guest=64, host=64, block_size=128
+romimage: file="/usr/share/bochs/BIOS-bochs-legacy", address=0x00000000, options=none, flash_data=none
+vgaromimage: file="/usr/share/bochs/VGABIOS-lgpl-latest"
+boot: disk
+floppy_bootsig_check: disabled=0
+floppya: type=1_44
+# no floppyb
+ata0: enabled=true, ioaddr1=0x1f0, ioaddr2=0x3f0, irq=14
+ata0-master: type=disk, path="./disk.img", mode=flat, cylinders=0, heads=0, spt=0, sect_size=512, model="Stevia Disk", biosdetect=auto, translation=auto
+ata0-slave: type=none
+ata1: enabled=false
+ata1-master: type=none
+ata1-slave: type=none
+ata2: enabled=false
+ata3: enabled=false
+optromimage1: file=none
+optromimage2: file=none
+optromimage3: file=none
+optromimage4: file=none
+optramimage1: file=none
+optramimage2: file=none
+optramimage3: file=none
+optramimage4: file=none
+pci: enabled=1, chipset=i440fx, slot1=none, slot2=none, slot3=none, slot4=none, slot5=none
+vga: extension=vbe, update_freq=10, realtime=1, ddc=builtin
+cpu: count=1, ips=1000000, model=p3_katmai, reset_on_triple_fault=0, cpuid_limit_winnt=0, ignore_bad_msrs=1, mwait_is_nop=0
+print_timestamps: enabled=0
+private_colormap: enabled=0
+clock: sync=none, time0=local, rtc_sync=0
+# no cmosimage
+log: stevia-log
+#logcontrol: disk=1, rombios=1, pci=0, cpu=0, keyboard=0, io=0
+logprefix: %t%e%d
+debug: action=ignore
+info: action=report
+error: action=report
+panic: action=ask
+keyboard: type=mf, serial_delay=150, paste_delay=100000, user_shortcut=none
+mouse: type=none, enabled=false, toggle=ctrl+mbutton
+sound: waveoutdrv=dummy, waveout=none, waveindrv=dummy, wavein=none, midioutdrv=dummy, midiout=none
+speaker: enabled=true, mode=sound, volume=15
+parport1: enabled=true, file=none
+parport2: enabled=false
+com1: enabled=true, mode=null
+com2: enabled=false
+com3: enabled=false
+com4: enabled=false
+magic_break: enabled=1
+port_e9_hack: enabled=1, all_rings=false

bochsrc.txt

@@ -1,40 +1,51 @@
-# configuration file generated by Bochs
-plugin_ctrl: unmapped=true, biosdev=true, speaker=true, extfpuirq=true, parallel=true, serial=true, gameport=true, iodebug=true
-config_interface: wx
-display_library: wx
-memory: host=64, guest=64
-boot: disk
-floppy_bootsig_check: disabled=0
-# no floppya
-# no floppyb
-ata0: enabled=true, ioaddr1=0x1f0, ioaddr2=0x3f0, irq=14
-ata0-master: type=disk, path="./disk.img", mode=flat, cylinders=0, heads=0, spt=0, sect_size=512, model="Generic 1234", biosdetect=auto, translation=auto
-ata0-slave: type=none
-ata1: enabled=false
-ata2: enabled=false
-ata3: enabled=false
-pci: enabled=0
-vga: extension=vbe, update_freq=5, realtime=1
-cpu: count=1:1:1, ips=1000000, quantum=16, model=p3_katmai, reset_on_triple_fault=1, cpuid_limit_winnt=0, ignore_bad_msrs=1, mwait_is_nop=0
-print_timestamps: enabled=0
-debugger_log: -
-magic_break: enabled=0
-port_e9_hack: enabled=0
+#
+# Bochs config
+#
+config_interface: textconfig
+display_library: x, options=gui_debug
+plugin_ctrl: voodoo=false, unmapped=true, biosdev=true, speaker=true, extfpuirq=true, parallel=true, serial=true, busmouse=false, e1000=true, es1370=false, gameport=true, ne2k=false, sb16=false, usb_uhci=true, usb_ohci=false, usb_ehci=false, usb_xhci=false
+print_timestamps: enabled=1
 private_colormap: enabled=0
-clock: sync=none, time0=local, rtc_sync=0
-# no cmosimage
 log: -
 logprefix: %t%e%d
 debug: action=ignore
 info: action=report
 error: action=report
 panic: action=ask
-keyboard: type=mf, serial_delay=250, paste_delay=100000, user_shortcut=none
-mouse: type=ps2, enabled=false, toggle=ctrl+mbutton
-speaker: enabled=true, mode=system
-parport1: enabled=false
+magic_break: enabled=1
+port_e9_hack: enabled=1, all_rings=false
+#
+# Machine Spec
+# 1x Pentium 3 @ (1M IPS) w/ 64MiB of System memory on the i440fx
+cpu: count=1, ips=1000000, model=p3_katmai, reset_on_triple_fault=0, cpuid_limit_winnt=0, ignore_bad_msrs=1, mwait_is_nop=0
+memory: guest=64, host=64, block_size=128
+romimage: file="/usr/share/bochs/BIOS-bochs-legacy", address=0x00000000, options=none, flash_data=none
+vgaromimage: file="/usr/share/vgabios/vgabios-stdvga.bin"
+pci: enabled=1, chipset=i440fx
+vga: extension=vbe, update_freq=10, realtime=1, ddc=builtin
+clock: sync=none, time0=local, rtc_sync=0
+#
+# Disks
+#
+boot: disk
+floppy_bootsig_check: disabled=0
+floppya: type=1_44
+floppyb: type=1_44
+ata0: enabled=true, ioaddr1=0x1f0, ioaddr2=0x3f0, irq=14
+ata0-master: type=disk, path="./build/disk.img", mode=flat, cylinders=0, heads=0, spt=0, sect_size=512, model="Stevia Disk", biosdetect=auto, translation=lba
+ata0-slave: type=none
+#
+# Other hardware
+#
+usb_ehci: enabled=1, companion=ohci
+e1000: enabled=1, mac=52:54:00:12:34:56, ethmod=null
+keyboard: type=mf, serial_delay=150, paste_delay=100000, user_shortcut=none
+mouse: type=none, enabled=false, toggle=ctrl+mbutton
+sound: waveoutdrv=dummy, waveout=none, waveindrv=dummy, wavein=none, midioutdrv=dummy, midiout=none
+speaker: enabled=true, mode=sound, volume=15
+parport1: enabled=true, file=none
 parport2: enabled=false
 com1: enabled=true, mode=null
 com2: enabled=false
 com3: enabled=false
-com4: enabled=false
+com4: enabled=false

docs/Stevia Notes.md

@@ -0,0 +1,230 @@
+# **Bootloader Documentation**
+
+## **1. Calling Conventions**
+
+### __cdecl16near Calling Convention
+
+- **Purpose**: For calling near (within the same segment) functions in 16-bit code.
+- **Stack Management**: Caller cleans up the stack after the function call.
+- **Parameter Passing**: Parameters are pushed onto the stack from right to left.
+- **Return Address**: A near return address (16-bit) is pushed onto the stack.
+- **Return Value**: Placed in the AX register.
+
+Example:
+
+```assembly
+; Caller
+push param2
+push param1
+call near_func
+add sp, 4  ; Clean up the stack (2 parameters * 2 bytes each)
+
+; Callee (near_func)
+near_func:
+  push bp
+  mov bp, sp
+  ; Function body
+  mov sp, bp
+  pop bp
+  ret
+```
+
+### __cdecl16far Calling Convention
+
+- **Purpose**: For calling far (across different segments) functions in 16-bit code.
+- **Stack Management**: Caller cleans up the stack after the function call.
+- **Parameter Passing**: Parameters are pushed onto the stack from right to left.
+- **Return Address**: A far return address (32-bit, consisting of a segment and an offset) is pushed onto the stack.
+- **Return Value**: Placed in the AX register.
+
+Example:
+
+```assembly
+; Caller
+push param2
+push param1
+call far_func
+add sp, 4  ; Clean up the stack (2 parameters * 2 bytes each)
+
+; Callee (far_func)
+far_func:
+  push bp
+  mov bp, sp
+  ; Function body
+  mov sp, bp
+  pop bp
+  retf  ; Far return
+```
+
+### **Key Differences**
+
+- **Return Address**: `__cdecl16near` uses a 16-bit return address; `__cdecl16far` uses a 32-bit return address (segment:offset).
+- **Function Scope**: `__cdecl16near` is for functions within the same segment; `__cdecl16far` is for functions that may be in different segments.
+- **Return Instruction**: `__cdecl16near` uses `ret`; `__cdecl16far` uses `retf` (far return).
+
+### **Register Usage**
+
+#### Caller-Saved (Volatile) Registers
+
+- **AX**: Accumulator, often used for return values.
+- **CX**: Counter register.
+- **DX**: Data register, used for I/O operations.
+- **SI/DI**: String operation indexes.
+
+#### Callee-Saved (Non-Volatile) Registers
+
+- **BP**: Base pointer, used for stack frame management.
+- **SP**: Stack pointer.
+- **BX**: Base register.
+
+Example:
+
+```assembly
+; Caller
+push param2
+push param1
+call near_func
+add sp, 4  ; Clean up the stack (2 parameters * 2 bytes each)
+
+; Callee (near_func)
+near_func:
+  push bp
+  mov bp, sp
+  ; Save callee-saved registers if used
+  push bx
+  push si
+  push di
+  ; Function body
+  ; Use AX, CX, DX freely
+  ; Restore callee-saved registers
+  pop di
+  pop si
+  pop bx
+  mov sp, bp
+  pop bp
+  ret
+```
+
+## **2. E820 Memory Map Usage**
+
+### **Address Range Descriptor Structure**
+
+| Offset | Name          | Description                           |
+|--------|---------------|---------------------------------------|
+| 0      | BaseAddrLow    | Low 32 bits of base address           |
+| 4      | BaseAddrHigh   | High 32 bits of base address          |
+| 8      | LengthLow      | Low 32 bits of length in bytes        |
+| 12     | LengthHigh     | High 32 bits of length in bytes       |
+| 16     | Type           | Address type of this range            |
+
+### **E820 Function Call**
+
+#### Input
+
+- **EAX**: Function code `E820h`.
+- **EBX**: Continuation value for physical memory retrieval (0 for the first call).
+- **ES:DI**: Buffer pointer to an Address Range Descriptor structure.
+- **ECX**: Buffer size (minimum size 20 bytes).
+- **EDX**: Signature ('SMAP').
+
+#### Output
+
+- **CF**: Carry flag (indicates success/failure).
+- **EAX**: Signature ('SMAP').
+- **ECX**: Buffer size (number of bytes returned).
+- **EBX**: Continuation value for subsequent E820 calls.
+
+### **Address Type Values**
+
+| Value | Pneumonic            | Description                                               |
+|-------|----------------------|-----------------------------------------------------------|
+| 1     | AddressRangeMemory    | Available RAM usable by the operating system.             |
+| 2     | AddressRangeReserved  | Reserved by the system, unusable by the operating system. |
+
+## **3. Example Calculations**
+
+### **Partition Offset**
+
+- Partition 1 offset = LBA 0x800 = 0x100000
+- `bsSectorSize = 512`
+
+### **First FAT Sector**
+
+- `first_fat_sector = bsResSector = 32 => (32*512) = 0x4000`
+- `first_fat_sector = 0x100000 + 0x4000 = 0x104000`
+
+### **Total FAT Sectors**
+
+- `total_fat_sectors = fat_sectors * number_of_FATs = 2001 * 2 = 4002`
+- `total_fat_size = total_fat_sectors * bsSectorSize = 0x1F4400`
+
+### **First Data Sector**
+
+- `first_data_sector = FatStartSector + FatAreaSize = 0x104000 + 0x1F4400 = 0x2F8400`
+
+### **FAT Table Look Up**
+
+```c
+if the cluster we got from the table entry was cluster 354
+fat_sector = 354 / 128 = 2
+fat_entry  = 354 mod 128 = 98
+
+so we load the 3rd (indexed from 0) fat table sector and read the 98th entry
+
+```
+
+Example:
+
+```c
+
+fat_table_offset = (first_fat_sector + 2) * 512
+fat_table = *(fat_table_offset)
+disk_read(fat_table[98])
+```
+
+## **4. Global Descriptor Table (GDT)**
+
+### **Segment Attributes**
+
+- **Pr**: Present bit (must be 1 for valid selectors).
+- **Privl**: Privilege level (0 = kernel, 3 = user).
+- **S**: Descriptor type (set for code/data segments, cleared for system segments).
+- **Ex**: Executable bit (set if segment contains code).
+- **DC**: Direction/Conforming bit (for data or code segments).
+- **RW**: Readable/Writable (depends on segment type).
+
+### **Granularity (Gr)**
+
+- **Gr**: Granularity bit (0 = byte granularity, 1 = 4 KiB blocks).
+- **Sz**: Size bit (0 = 16-bit mode, 1 = 32-bit mode).
+
+### **GDT Entry Construction**
+
+Each GDT entry is 8 bytes:
+
+- First DWORD: Limit (0:15), Base (0:15)
+- Second DWORD: Base (16:31), Attributes (8:12)
+
+## **5. Memory Layout Example**
+
+### **Low Memory (First MiB)**
+
+| Start       | End         | Size            | Type                  | Description                      |
+|-------------|-------------|-----------------|-----------------------|----------------------------------|
+| 0x00000000  | 0x000003FF  | 1 KiB           | RAM (partially unusable) | Real Mode IVT (Interrupt Vector Table) |
+| 0x00000400  | 0x000004FF  | 256 bytes       | RAM (partially unusable) | BDA (BIOS data area)             |
+| 0x00000500  | 0x00007BFF  | almost 30 KiB   | RAM - free for use     | Conventional memory              |
+| 0x00007C00  | 0x00007DFF  | 512 bytes       | RAM (partially unusable) | OS BootSector                    |
+| 0x00007E00  | 0x0007FFFF  | 480.5 KiB       | RAM - free for use     | Conventional memory              |
+| 0x00080000  | 0x0009FFFF  | 128 KiB         | RAM (partially unusable) | EBDA (Extended BIOS Data Area)   |
+| 0x000A0000  | 0x000FFFFF  | 384 KiB         | various (unusable)     | Video memory, ROM Area           |
+
+### **Extended Memory (Above 1 MiB)**
+
+| Start       | End         | Size            | Description            |
+|-------------|-------------|-----------------|------------------------|
+| 0x00100000  | 0x00EFFFFF  | 14 MiB          | RAM - free for use     |
+| 0x00F00000  | 0x00FFFFFF  | 1 MiB           | Possible memory-mapped hardware (ISA) |
+| 0x01000000  | ?           | ?               | More extended memory   |
+| 0xC0000000  | 0xFFFFFFFF  | 1 GiB           | Memory mapped PCI devices, BIOS, etc. |
+| 0x0000000100000000 | ?     | ?               | RAM - usable in PAE/64-bit mode |

docs/examples.txt

@@ -1,35 +0,0 @@
-Partition 1 offset = LBA 0x800
-                   = 0x100000
-bsSectorSize = 512
-
-first_fat_sector = bsResSector
-               = 32 => (32*512) = 0x4000
-               = 0x100000 + 0x4000
-               = 0x104000
-               
-total_fat_sectors = fat_sectors * number_of_FATs
-                  = 2001 * 2
-                  = 4002
-
-total_fat_size = total_fat_sectors * bsSectorSize
-              = 0x1F4400
-              
-first_data_sector = FatStartSector + FatAreaSize
-                  = 0x104000 + 0x1F4400
-                  = 0x2F8400
-                  
-FAT table look up
-
-    if the cluster we got from the table entry was cluster 354
-    fat_sector = 354 / 128
-               = 2
-    fat_entry  = 354 mod 128
-               = 98
-               
-    so we load the 3rd (indexed from 0) fat table sector and read the 98th entry
-    for the cluster chain.
-    
-    // bad fake code below
-    fat_table_offset = (first_fat_sector + 2) * 512
-    fat_table = *(fat_table_offset)
-    disk_read(fat_table[98])

include/BIOS/BIOS_SYS.inc

@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+; Copyright (C) 2025 Elaina Claus
+; 
+;     This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+;     it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+;     the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+;     (at your option) any later version.
+; 
+;     This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+;     but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+;     MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+;     GNU General Public License for more details.
+; 
+;     You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+;     along with this program.  If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+%include 'BIOS/func/a20enable.nasm'
+%include 'BIOS/func/E820_memory_map.nasm'
+%include 'BIOS/func/ext_read.nasm'
+%include 'BIOS/func/video.nasm'

include/BIOS/func/E820_memory_map.nasm

@@ -0,0 +1,122 @@
+; Copyright (C) 2025 Elaina Claus
+; 
+;     This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+;     it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+;     the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+;     (at your option) any later version.
+; 
+;     This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+;     but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+;     MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+;     GNU General Public License for more details.
+; 
+;     You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+;     along with this program.  If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+%ifndef __INC_E820MEMORY_MAP
+
+; Address Range Descriptor Structure
+;
+; Offset in Bytes		Name		Description
+;	0	    BaseAddrLow		u32 - Low 32 Bits of Base Address
+;	4	    BaseAddrHigh	u32 - High 32 Bits of Base Address
+;	8	    LengthLow		u32 - Low 32 Bits of Length in Bytes
+;	12	    LengthHigh		u32 - High 32 Bits of Length in Bytes
+;	16	    Type		    u32 - Address type of  this range.
+;   20      ExtType         u32 -  ACPI 3.0 extended type
+struc AddressRangeDescStruct_t
+    .BaseAddrLow    resd 1
+    .BaseAddrHigh   resd 1
+    .LengthLow      resd 1
+    .LengthHigh     resd 1
+    .Type           resd 1
+    .ExtType        resd 1
+endstruc
+
+ALIGN 4, db 0x90
+GetMemoryMap:
+    __CDECL16_PROC_ENTRY
+    push es         ; save segment register
+.func:
+    mov dword [SteviaInfo + SteviaInfoStruct_t.MemoryMapEntries], 0
+
+    
+    xor ebx, ebx                            ; Continuation value, 0 for the first call
+
+    mov dx, BIOSMemoryMap
+    shr dx, 4
+    mov es, dx
+    xor di, di                              ; (BIOSMemoryMap >> 4):0 makes di an index into BIOSMemoryMap
+
+    mov ecx, AddressRangeDescStruct_t_size  ; hard request ACPI 3.0 table versions (24 bytes)
+    
+.loop_L1:
+    mov eax, 0x0000E820                     ; select 0xE820 function
+    mov edx, 0x534D4150                     ; 'SMAP' magic
+    clc                                     ; clear carry
+    int 0x15
+    jc GetMemoryMap.error
+    cmp eax, 0x534D4150
+    jne GetMemoryMap.no_smap_returned
+.no_error:
+    mov eax, dword [SteviaInfo + SteviaInfoStruct_t.MemoryMapEntries]
+    add eax, 1
+    mov dword [SteviaInfo + SteviaInfoStruct_t.MemoryMapEntries], eax
+
+    cmp ecx, 20                             ; TODO: maybe this could be handled better than just panicing
+    jb GetMemoryMap.nonstandard_e820        ; non-standard entry found 
+
+    cmp ebx, 0
+    je GetMemoryMap.endp                    ; 0 in ebx means we have reached the end of memory ranges
+
+    ; setup for next loop, ebx is our next index and has already been set.
+    xor ecx, ecx
+    mov ecx, AddressRangeDescStruct_t_size  ; set ecx (requested_size) to 24 bytes
+    add di, cx                              ; increment di to next descriptor so es:di points to the next free space
+
+    jmp GetMemoryMap.loop_L1
+.error:
+    ERROR STAGE2_MM_E820_MISC_ERR
+.nonstandard_e820:
+    ERROR STAGE2_MM_E820_NONSTANDARD
+.no_smap_returned:
+    ERROR STAGE2_MM_E820_NO_SMAP
+.endp:
+    pop es
+    __CDECL16_PROC_EXIT
+    ret
+
+PrintMemoryMap:
+    __CDECL16_PROC_ENTRY
+.func:
+    mov eax, dword [SteviaInfo + SteviaInfoStruct_t.MemoryMapEntries]
+    cmp eax, 0
+    je PrintMemoryMap.endp          ; if entries == 0, exit
+
+    mov ecx, eax                    ; store # of entries in counter
+    mov eax, BIOSMemoryMap          ; address to start of e820 mmap
+
+    push dword ecx
+    push dword eax
+    call FormatMemoryMapEntry
+    add sp, 0x8
+
+    ; ax contains segment offset to string after call
+    ; TODO: going to need an allocator for strings and stuff...
+    ; print_string strformat_buffer
+    
+.endp:
+    __CDECL16_PROC_EXIT
+    ret
+
+FormatMemoryMapEntry:
+    __CDECL16_PROC_ENTRY
+.func:
+    ; create a string buffer somewhere and return address to result string in ax
+.endp:
+    __CDECL16_PROC_EXIT
+    ret
+
+
+%endif
+%define __INC_E820MEMORY_MAP

include/BIOS/func/a20enable.nasm

@@ -0,0 +1,141 @@
+; Copyright (C) 2025 Elaina Claus
+; 
+;     This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+;     it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+;     the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+;     (at your option) any later version.
+; 
+;     This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+;     but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+;     MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+;     GNU General Public License for more details.
+; 
+;     You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+;     along with this program.  If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+%ifndef __INC_A20ENABLE
+;
+;INT 0x15 Function 2400 - Disable A20
+;Returns:
+;
+;   CF = clear if success
+;   AH = 0
+;   CF = set on error
+;   AH = status (01=keyboard controller is in secure mode, 0x86=function not supported)
+;
+;INT 0x15 Function 2401 - Enable A20
+;Returns:
+;
+;   CF = clear if success
+;   AH = 0
+;   CF = set on error
+;   AH = status (01=keyboard controller is in secure mode, 0x86=function not supported)
+;
+;INT 0x15 Function 2402 - A20 Status
+;   Returns:
+;
+;   CF = clear if success
+;   AH = status (01: keyboard controller is in secure mode; 0x86: function not supported)
+;   AL = current state (00: disabled, 01: enabled)
+;   CX = set to 0xffff is keyboard controller is no ready in 0xc000 read attempts
+;   CF = set on error
+;
+;INT 0x15 Function 2403 - Query A20 support
+;Returns:
+;
+;CF = clear if success
+;AH = status (01: keyboard controller is in secure mode; 0x86: function not supported)
+;BX = status.
+;
+;BX contains a bit pattern:
+;
+;    Bit 0 - supported on keyboard controller
+;    Bit 1 - if supported on bit 1 of I/O port 0x92
+;    Bits 2:14 - Reserved
+;    Bit 15 - 1 if additional data is available.
+;
+; I/O Port 0x92 infomation:
+;
+;    Bit 0 - Setting to 1 causes a fast reset
+;    Bit 1 - 0: disable A20; 1: enable A20
+;    Bit 2 - Manufacturer defined
+;    Bit 3 - power on password bytes (CMOS bytes 0x38-0x3f or 0x36-0x3f). 0: accessible, 1: inaccessible
+;    Bits 4-5 - Manufacturer defined
+;    Bits 6-7 - 00: HDD activity LED off; any other value is "on"
+ALIGN 4, db 0x90
+EnableA20:
+    __CDECL16_PROC_ENTRY
+    push ds
+    push es
+.a20_check:
+    cli
+
+    xor ax, ax
+    mov es, ax
+
+    not ax                      ; ax = 0xFFFF
+    mov ds, ax
+
+    mov di, 0x0500              ; scratch location 1
+    mov si, 0x0510              ; scratch location 2
+
+    mov al, byte [es:di]
+    push ax                     ; save whatever is at 0x0000:0500, physical location 0x0500
+
+    mov al, byte [ds:si]
+    push ax                     ; save whatever is at 0xFFFF:0510 [clarification: 0x100500 physical location (0x100500 - 1MB = 0x0500)]
+
+    mov byte [es:di], 0x00      ; zero non-wraped location and write 0xFF to it after (ab)using wrapping
+    mov byte [ds:si], 0xFF      ; if the non-wrapped location is 0xFF, then we wraped and A20 is disabled
+
+    cmp byte [es:di], 0xFF
+
+    pop ax
+    mov byte [ds:si], al        ; restore original contents of scratch location 2
+
+    pop ax
+    mov byte [es:di], al        ; restore original contents of scratch location 1
+
+    mov ax, 0                   ; return 0 if es:di == ds:si (memory wraps)
+    je EnableA20.end_check
+    mov ax, 1                   ; return 1 if es:di != ds:si (A20 is enabled)
+.end_check:
+    sti
+    cmp ax, 1
+    je EnableA20.endp         ; A20 is already enabled
+
+    mov ax, 0x2403
+    clc                             ; clear carry
+    int 0x15
+    jc EnableA20.do_fallback_a20    ; carry = error...not supported?
+    cmp ah, 0
+    ja EnableA20.do_fallback_a20   ; non-zero return = error as well
+
+    mov al, bl
+    and al, 0000_0010b
+    cmp al, 0000_0010b
+    je EnableA20.do_fast_a20        ; if fast a20 is supported use it
+
+    jmp EnableA20.do_bios_a20       ; else fall back to enabling via BIOS
+
+.do_fallback_a20:
+    ERROR STAGE2_A20_FAILED
+.do_bios_a20:
+    mov ax, 0x2401
+    clc                             ; clear carry
+    int 0x15
+    jmp EnableA20.a20_check
+.do_fast_a20:
+    in al, 0x92                 ; read from FAST A20 port
+    or al, 2                    ; bit 0 is a fast reset, bit 1 is fast A20
+    and al, 0xFE                ; make sure bit 0 is 0
+    out 0x92, al                ; enable A20
+    jmp EnableA20.a20_check
+.endp:
+    pop es
+    pop ds
+    __CDECL16_PROC_EXIT
+    ret
+    
+%endif
+%define __INC_A20ENABLE

include/BIOS/func/ext_read.nasm

@@ -0,0 +1,130 @@
+; Copyright (C) 2025 Elaina Claus
+; 
+;     This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+;     it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+;     the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+;     (at your option) any later version.
+; 
+;     This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+;     but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+;     MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+;     GNU General Public License for more details.
+; 
+;     You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+;     along with this program.  If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+%ifndef __INC_EXT_READ
+;Offset	Size	    Description
+; 0	    1	    size of packet (16 bytes)
+; 1	    1	    always 0
+; 2	    2	    number of sectors to transfer (max 127 on some BIOSes)
+; 4	    4	    transfer buffer (0xFFFF:0xFFFF)
+; 8	    4	    lower 32-bits of starting 48-bit LBA
+; 12	4	    upper 32-bits of starting 48-bit LBA
+; needs to be aligned to a uint32_t
+struc LBAPkt_t
+    .size        resb 1
+    .res0        resb 1
+    .xfer_size   resw 1
+    .offset      resw 1
+    .segment     resw 1
+    .lower_lba   resd 1
+    .upper_lba   resd 1
+endstruc
+; call_read_disk_raw <word segment> <word offset> <dword lba> <word count> <word drive_num>
+%macro call_read_disk_raw 5
+    movzx ax, %5
+    push ax                                            ; drive_num
+
+    movzx ax, %4
+    push ax                                            ; count
+
+    movzx dword eax, %3
+    push dword eax                                     ; lba
+
+    movzx ax, %2
+    push ax                                            ; offset
+
+    movzx ax, %1
+    push ax                                            ; segment = 0
+
+    ; uint8_t read_stage2_raw(uint16_t buf_segment, uint16_t buf_offset, 
+    ;                         uint32_t lba,
+    ;                         uint16_t count, uint16_t drive_num)
+    call read_disk_raw
+    add sp, 0xC
+%endmacro
+
+; Wrapper for AH=0x42 INT13h (Extended Read)
+;
+; BIOS call details
+; AH = 42h
+; DL = drive number
+; DS:SI -> disk address packet
+;
+; Return:
+; CF clear if successful
+; AH = 00h
+; CF set on error
+; AH = error code
+; disk address packet's block count field set to number of blocks
+; successfully transferred
+;
+;
+; uint8_t read_stage2_raw(uint16_t buf_segment, uint16_t buf_offset, 
+;                         uint32_t lba,
+;                         uint16_t count, uint8_t drive_num)
+ALIGN 4, db 0x90
+read_disk_raw:
+    __CDECL16_PROC_ENTRY
+.func:                        
+    mov ax, LBAPkt_t_size
+    push ax                 ; len
+    xor ax, ax
+    push ax                 ; val = 0
+    mov ax, lba_packet
+    push ax                 ; dest = lba_packet address
+    call kmemset        
+    add sp, 0x06
+
+    mov bx, lba_packet
+    mov byte [bx + LBAPkt_t.size], LBAPkt_t_size
+
+    mov ax, [bp + 12]
+    mov word [bx + LBAPkt_t.xfer_size], ax
+
+    mov eax, dword [bp + 8]
+    mov dword [bx + LBAPkt_t.lower_lba], eax
+
+    ; upper_lba is zero from kmemset
+    ; TODO: possiblly support >32bit LBA addresses in the future, this limits us to 4GiB
+
+    mov ax, [bp + 6]
+    mov word [bx + LBAPkt_t.offset], ax
+
+    mov ax, [bp + 4]
+    mov word [bx + LBAPkt_t.segment], ax
+
+    xor ax, ax
+    xor dx, dx
+    mov si, bx                  ; ds:si LBAPkt_t
+    mov ah, 0x42                ; call #
+    mov dl, byte [bp + 14]      ; drive #             
+
+    clc                         ; clear carry
+    int 0x13
+    jnc .endf
+
+    %ifdef __STEVIA_MBR
+    ERROR MBR_ERROR_DISK_READ_ERR
+    %elifdef __STEVIA_VBR
+    ERROR VBR_ERROR_DISK_READ_ERR
+    %else
+    ERROR STAGE2_MBR_DISK_READ_ERROR
+    %endif
+.endf:
+    __CDECL16_PROC_EXIT
+    ret
+
+%endif
+%define __INC_EXT_READ

include/BIOS/func/video.nasm

@@ -0,0 +1,175 @@
+; Copyright (C) 2025 Elaina Claus
+; 
+;     This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+;     it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+;     the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+;     (at your option) any later version.
+; 
+;     This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+;     but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+;     MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+;     GNU General Public License for more details.
+; 
+;     You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+;     along with this program.  If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+%ifndef __INC_VIDEO
+; Sets output to 80x25 16 color text mode via BIOS call
+; also clears screen
+; void SetTextMode(void)
+ALIGN 4, db 0x90
+SetTextMode:
+.prolog:
+    __CDECL16_PROC_ENTRY
+    pushf
+.func:
+    xor ah, ah                  ; Set Video mode BIOS function
+    mov al, 0x03                ; 16 color 80x25 Text mode
+    int 0x10                    ; Call video interrupt
+                                
+
+    mov ah, 0x05                ; Select active display page BIOS function
+    xor al, al                  ; page 0
+    int 0x10                    ; call video interrupt
+.endp:
+    popf
+    __CDECL16_PROC_EXIT
+    ret
+
+; disables blinking text mode cursor via crtc pokes
+; 0x3D4/0x3D5 for color, mono at 0x3B4/0x3B5
+ALIGN 4, db 0x90
+disable_cursor_crtc:
+    __CDECL16_PROC_ENTRY
+.func:
+    mov dx, 0x3D4
+	mov al, 0xA	    ; low cursor shape register
+	out dx, al
+ 
+	inc dx
+	mov al, 0x20	; bits 6-7 unused, bit 5 disables the cursor, bits 0-4 control the cursor shape
+	out dx, al
+.endp:
+    __CDECL16_PROC_EXIT
+    ret
+
+; disables blinking text mode cursor via BIOS int 10h, ah = 01
+ALIGN 4, db 0x90
+disable_cursor_bios:
+    __CDECL16_PROC_ENTRY
+.func:
+    push bx
+    mov  ah, 03h      ; read cursor pos & shape
+    xor  bh, bh
+    int  10h          ; CH=top scanline, CL=bottom
+
+    or   ch, 20h      ; set bit 5 = disable
+    mov  ah, 01h      ; set leaf 01h
+    int  10h
+    pop  bx
+.endp:
+    __CDECL16_PROC_EXIT
+    ret
+
+; Prints a C-Style string (null terminated) using BIOS vga teletype call
+; void PrintString(char* buf)
+ALIGN 4, db 0x90
+PrintString:
+    __CDECL16_PROC_ENTRY
+    mov di, [bp + 4]    ; first arg is char[] 
+.str_len:
+    xor cx, cx         ; ECX = 0
+    not cx             ; ECX = -1 == 0xFFFF
+    xor ax, ax         ; search for al = 0x0
+
+    cld
+    repne scasb        ; deincrement cx while searching for al
+
+    not cx             ; the inverse of a neg number = abs(x) - 1
+    dec cx             ; CX contains the length of the string - nul byte at end
+.print:
+    mov si, [bp + 4]            ; source string
+.print_L0:
+    movzx ax, byte [si]
+    %ifdef __STEVIA_DEV_DEBUG
+    out 0xe9, byte al           ; bochs magic debug port
+    %endif
+    push ax
+    call PrintCharacter
+    add sp, 0x2
+
+    inc si
+    dec cx
+
+    jcxz PrintString.endp
+    jmp PrintString.print_L0    ; Fetch next character from string
+.endp:
+    __CDECL16_PROC_EXIT
+    ret                         ; Return from procedure
+
+; Prints a single character
+; void PrintCharacter(char c);
+ALIGN 4, db 0x90
+PrintCharacter:
+    __CDECL16_PROC_ENTRY
+.func:
+    mov al, byte [bp + 4]       ; AL = character c
+    mov ah, 0x0E                ; INT 0x10, AH=0x0E call
+    mov bx, 0x0007              ; BH = page no. BL =Text attribute
+    int 0x10                    ; call video interrupt
+                                ; TODO: check for carry and clear carry before call
+.endp:
+    __CDECL16_PROC_EXIT
+    ret
+
+; TODO: fix the prolog, epilog and stack usage to confirm with cdecl16
+; prints the hex representation of of val
+; void PrintDWORD(uint32_t val);
+ALIGN 4, db 0x90
+PrintDWORD:
+    __CDECL16_PROC_ENTRY
+.func: 
+    mov si, IntToHex_table
+    mov ebx, 16     ; base-16
+
+    mov eax, dword [bp + 4]     ;val
+
+    xor edx, edx
+    xor cx, cx
+.next_digit:
+    div ebx            ; dividend in edx:eax -> quotient in eax, remainder in edx
+    push dx            ; save remainder
+    inc cx
+
+    xor dx, dx
+    test eax, eax
+    jnz PrintDWORD.next_digit
+
+.zero_pad:
+    cmp cx, 0x0008
+    je PrintDWORD.print_stack
+    xor ax, ax
+    push ax
+    inc cx
+    jmp PrintDWORD.zero_pad
+
+.print_stack:
+    pop bx
+    dec cx
+    push cx
+
+    movzx ax, byte [bx+si+0]    ; bx = index into Hex lookup table
+    push ax
+    call PrintCharacter
+    add sp, 0x2
+
+    pop cx
+
+    jcxz PrintDWORD.endp
+    jmp PrintDWORD.print_stack
+
+.endp:
+    __CDECL16_PROC_EXIT
+    ret
+%endif
+%define __INC_VIDEO

include/cdecl16.inc

@@ -0,0 +1,139 @@
+; Copyright (C) 2025 Elaina Claus
+; 
+;     This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+;     it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+;     the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+;     (at your option) any later version.
+; 
+;     This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+;     but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+;     MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+;     GNU General Public License for more details.
+; 
+;     You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+;     along with this program.  If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+%ifnmacro __CDECL16_PROC_ENTRY
+%macro __CDECL16_PROC_ENTRY 0-1
+    push bp
+    mov bp, sp
+
+    push si
+    push di
+    push bx
+
+    %if %0 = 1
+    sub  sp, %1        ; reserve locals only when needed
+    %endif
+%endmacro
+%endif
+
+%ifnmacro __CDECL16_PROC_EXIT
+%macro __CDECL16_PROC_EXIT 0
+    pop bx
+    pop di
+    pop si
+
+    mov sp, bp
+    pop bp
+%endmacro
+%endif
+
+; __CDECL16_PROC_ARGS nargs
+;   Creates %$arg1 .. %$argN as [bp+4], [bp+6], ...
+;   for use inside of function bodies
+%ifnmacro __CDECL16_PROC_ARGS
+%macro __CDECL16_PROC_ARGS 1
+    %push __CDECL16_PROC_ARGS
+    %assign %$__i 1
+    %rep %1
+        %xdefine %$arg%$__i  [bp + 4 + 2*(%$__i-1)]
+        %assign  %$__i %$__i + 1
+    %endrep
+    %pop
+%endmacro
+%endif
+
+; __CDECL16_CALL_ARGS a,b,c  ==> push c / push b / push a
+;   handles pushing values to the stack in the correct order
+%ifnmacro __CDECL16_CALL_ARGS
+%macro __CDECL16_CALL_ARGS 1-*
+    %rep %0
+        %rotate -1      ; move the last argument into %1
+        push %1         ; push last, then next-to-last, ...
+    %endrep
+%endmacro
+%endif
+
+; __CDECL16_CALL func, nargs   ; adds sp by nargs*2 after call
+;   adds up word pushes to restore stack frame
+;   WARNING: if you push a dword it will only count 2, use __CDECL16_CALL_ARGS_SIZED
+%ifnmacro __CDECL16_CALL
+%macro __CDECL16_CALL 2
+    call %1
+    add  sp, %2*2
+%endmacro
+%endif
+
+; __CDECL16_CALL_ARGS_SIZED func, size1[, size2 ...]  ; sizes in BYTES
+;   if you *need* to pass dword sized args in 16-bit mode, use this to properly
+;   count the stack frame to restore later!
+%ifnmacro __CDECL16_CALL_ARGS_SIZED
+%macro __CDECL16_CALL_ARGS_SIZED 2-*
+    %push __CDECL16_CALL_ARGS_SIZED
+    call %1
+    %assign %$__sum 0
+    %assign %$__i 2
+    %rep %0-1
+        %assign %$__sum %$__sum + %[%$__i]   ; sizes may be expressions
+        %assign %$__i %$__i + 1
+    %endrep
+    %if %$__sum & 1
+        %error "__CDECL16_CALL_ARGS_SIZED: total size is odd; pushes must sum to whole bytes actually pushed (usually even)."
+    %endif
+    add sp, %$__sum
+    %pop
+%endmacro
+%endif
+
+%ifnmacro __CDECL16_CLOB
+; Save registers in the order listed. Supports "flags" as a pseudo-reg.
+%macro __CDECL16_CLOB 1-*
+    %rep %0
+        %ifidni %1, flags
+            pushf
+        %else
+            push %1
+        %endif
+        %rotate 1
+    %endrep
+%endmacro
+%endif
+
+%ifnmacro __CDECL16_UNCLOB
+; Restore in reverse order of CLOB. Supports "flags".
+%macro __CDECL16_UNCLOB 1-*
+    %rep %0
+        %rotate -1
+        %ifidni %1, flags
+            popf
+        %else
+            pop %1
+        %endif
+    %endrep
+%endmacro
+%endif
+
+%ifnmacro __FASTCALL16_ENTRY
+%macro __FASTCALL16_ENTRY 0
+    push bp
+    mov bp, sp
+%endmacro
+%endif
+
+%ifnmacro __FASTCALL16_EXIT
+%macro __FASTCALL16_EXIT 0
+    mov sp, bp
+    pop bp
+%endmacro
+%endif

include/config.inc

@@ -1,25 +1,24 @@
-; Copyright (c) 2023 Elaina Claus
-;
-; Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
-; of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
-; in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
-; to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
-; copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
-; furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
-;
-; The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
-; copies or substantial portions of the Software.
-;
-; THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
-; IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
-; FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
-; AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
-; LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
-; OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE
-; SOFTWARE.
+; Copyright (C) 2025 Elaina Claus
+; 
+;     This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+;     it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+;     the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+;     (at your option) any later version.
+; 
+;     This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+;     but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+;     MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+;     GNU General Public License for more details.
+; 
+;     You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+;     along with this program.  If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
 
+%ifndef __INC_STEVIA_CONFIG
 
 %define SECTOR_SIZE             512
-%define STAGE2_SECTOR_COUNT    0x40
-; 32 KiB
-%define MAX_STAGE2_BYTES      (SECTOR_SIZE * STAGE2_SECTOR_COUNT)
+%define STAGE2_SECTOR_COUNT    0x20
+; 16 KiB
+%define MAX_STAGE2_BYTES      (SECTOR_SIZE * STAGE2_SECTOR_COUNT)
+
+%endif
+%define __INC_STEVIA_CONFIG

include/early_mem.inc

@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+; Copyright (C) 2025 Elaina Claus
+; 
+;     This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+;     it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+;     the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+;     (at your option) any later version.
+; 
+;     This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+;     but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+;     MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+;     GNU General Public License for more details.
+; 
+;     You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+;     along with this program.  If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+%ifndef __INC_EARLY_MEM
+
+;PhysicalAddress = Segment * 16 + Offset
+%define SEG_TO_LINEAR(s,o) ((s << 4) + o)
+
+; Offset = physical / (Segment * 16)
+%define LINEAR_TO_OFFSET(p,s) ((p / (s << 4)))
+
+; Seg = (physical - offset) / 16
+%define LINEAR_TO_SEGMENT(p,o) ((p - o) >> 4)
+
+%endif
+%define __INC_EARLY_MEM

include/entry.inc

@@ -1,26 +1,23 @@
-; Copyright (c) 2023 Elaina Claus
-;
-; Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
-; of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
-; in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
-; to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
-; copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
-; furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
-;
-; The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
-; copies or substantial portions of the Software.
-;
-; THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
-; IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
-; FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
-; AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
-; LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
-; OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE
-; SOFTWARE.
+; Copyright (C) 2025 Elaina Claus
+; 
+;     This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+;     it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+;     the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+;     (at your option) any later version.
+; 
+;     This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+;     but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+;     MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+;     GNU General Public License for more details.
+; 
+;     You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+;     along with this program.  If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
 
+%ifndef __INC_ENTRY
 
-; 8KiB from 0x2500 -> 0x500
-%define STACK_START            0x2500
-%define MBR_ENTRY              0x7A00
-%define VBR_ENTRY              0x7C00
-%define STAGE2_ENTRY           0x7E00
+%define MBR_ENTRY                    0x8C00
+%define VBR_ENTRY                    0x7C00
+%define STAGE2_ENTRY                 0x0500
+
+%endif
+%define __INC_ENTRY

include/error_codes.inc

@@ -0,0 +1,78 @@
+; Copyright (C) 2025 Elaina Claus
+; 
+;     This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+;     it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+;     the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+;     (at your option) any later version.
+; 
+;     This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+;     but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+;     MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+;     GNU General Public License for more details.
+; 
+;     You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+;     along with this program.  If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+%ifndef __INC_ERROR_CODES
+
+; Errors
+; 12 Errors, 5 in use
+%define MBR_ERROR_DISK_T_ERR         'a'
+%define MBR_ERROR_NO_INT32E          'b'
+%define MBR_ERROR_NO_NO_BOOT_PART    'c'
+%define MBR_ERROR_DISK_READ_ERR      'd'
+%define MBR_ERROR_NO_VBR_SIG         'e'
+%define MBR_ERROR_RESERVED_f         'f'
+%define MBR_ERROR_RESERVED_g         'g'
+%define MBR_ERROR_RESERVED_h         'h'
+%define MBR_ERROR_RESERVED_i         'i'
+%define MBR_ERROR_RESERVED_j         'j'
+%define MBR_ERROR_RESERVED_k         'k'
+%define MBR_ERROR_INT13h_EREAD_ERR   'l'
+
+; 12 Error
+%define VBR_ERROR_WRONG_FAT_SIZE     'm'
+%define VBR_ERROR_NO_SIGNATURE       'n'
+%define VBR_ERROR_DISK_READ_ERR      'o'
+%define VBR_ERROR_RESERVED_p         'p'
+%define VBR_ERROR_RESERVED_q         'q'
+%define VBR_ERROR_RESERVED_r         'r'
+%define VBR_ERROR_RESERVED_s         's'
+%define VBR_ERROR_RESERVED_t         't'
+%define VBR_ERROR_RESERVED_u         'u'
+%define VBR_ERROR_RESERVED_v         'v'
+%define VBR_ERROR_RESERVED_w         'w'
+%define VBR_ERROR_RESERVED_x         'x'
+
+; 22 errors, 8 in use
+%define STAGE2_A20_FAILED            'A'
+%define STAGE2_SIGNATURE_MISSING     'B'
+%define STAGE2_MM_E820_NO_SUPPORT    'C'
+%define STAGE2_MM_E820_MISC_ERR      'D'
+%define STAGE2_MM_E820_NONSTANDARD   'E'
+%define STAGE2_MM_E820_NO_SMAP       'F'
+%define STAGE2_MBR_DISK_READ_ERROR   'G'
+%define STAGE2_FAT32_INIT_ERROR      'H'
+%define STAGE2_FAT32_NO_FILE         'I'
+%define STAGE2_FAT32_END_OF_CHAIN    'J'
+%define STAGE2_FAT32_NCLUS_CFDIVZ    'K'
+%define STAGE2_FAT32_CLS2LBA_CF      'L'
+%define STAGE2_FAT32_INIT_CF         'M'
+%define STAGE2_ERROR_INFOPRINTER     'N'
+%define STAGE2_ERROR_RESERVED_O      'O'
+%define STAGE2_ERROR_RESERVED_P      'P'
+%define STAGE2_ERROR_RESERVED_Q      'Q'
+%define STAGE2_ERROR_RESERVED_R      'R'
+%define STAGE2_ERROR_RESERVED_S      'S'
+%define STAGE2_ERROR_RESERVED_T      'T'
+%define STAGE2_ERROR_RESERVED_U      'U'
+%define STAGE2_ERROR_RESERVED_V      'V'
+
+; for development only, specific errors should be above.
+%define STEVIA_DEBUG_OK      'W'
+%define STEVIA_DEBUG_ERR      'X'
+%define STEVIA_DEBUG_UNIMPLEMENTED      'Y'
+%define STEVIA_DEBUG_HALT      'Z'
+
+%endif
+%define __INC_ERROR_CODES

include/errors.inc

@@ -1,100 +0,0 @@
-; Copyright (c) 2023 Elaina Claus
-;
-; Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
-; of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
-; in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
-; to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
-; copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
-; furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
-;
-; The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
-; copies or substantial portions of the Software.
-;
-; THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
-; IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
-; FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
-; AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
-; LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
-; OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE
-; SOFTWARE.
-
-
-; Errors
-; 12 Errors, 5 in use
-%define MBR_ERROR_DISK_T_ERR         'a'
-%define MBR_ERROR_NO_INT32E          'b'
-%define MBR_ERROR_NO_NO_BOOT_PART    'c'
-%define MBR_ERROR_DISK_READ_ERR      'd'
-%define MBR_ERROR_NO_VBR_SIG         'e'
-%define MBR_ERROR_RESERVED_f         'f'
-%define MBR_ERROR_RESERVED_g         'g'
-%define MBR_ERROR_RESERVED_h         'h'
-%define MBR_ERROR_RESERVED_i         'i'
-%define MBR_ERROR_RESERVED_j         'j'
-%define MBR_ERROR_RESERVED_k         'k'
-%define MBR_ERROR_RESERVED_l         'l'
-
-; 12 Error
-%define VBR_ERROR_WRONG_FAT_SIZE     'm'
-%define VBR_ERROR_NO_SIGNATURE       'n'
-%define VBR_ERROR_DISK_READ_ERR      'o'
-%define VBR_ERROR_RESERVED_p         'p'
-%define VBR_ERROR_RESERVED_q         'q'
-%define VBR_ERROR_RESERVED_r         'r'
-%define VBR_ERROR_RESERVED_s         's'
-%define VBR_ERROR_RESERVED_t         't'
-%define VBR_ERROR_RESERVED_u         'u'
-%define VBR_ERROR_RESERVED_v         'v'
-%define VBR_ERROR_RESERVED_w         'w'
-%define VBR_ERROR_RESERVED_x         'x'
-
-; 26 errors, 8 in use
-%define STAGE2_A20_FAILED            'A'
-%define STAGE2_SIGNATURE_MISSING     'B'
-%define STAGE2_MM_E820_NO_SUPPORT    'C'
-%define STAGE2_MM_E820_MISC_ERR      'D'
-%define STAGE2_MM_E820_NONSTANDARD   'E'
-%define STAGE2_MM_E820_NO_SMAP       'F'
-%define STAGE2_MBR_DISK_READ_ERROR   'G'
-%define STAGE2_FAT32_INIT_ERROR      'H'
-%define STAGE2_FAT32_NO_FILE         'I'
-%define STAGE2_FAT32_END_OF_CHAIN    'J'
-%define STAGE2_ERROR_RESERVED_K      'K'
-%define STAGE2_ERROR_RESERVED_L      'L'
-%define STAGE2_ERROR_RESERVED_M      'M'
-%define STAGE2_ERROR_RESERVED_N      'N'
-%define STAGE2_ERROR_RESERVED_O      'O'
-%define STAGE2_ERROR_RESERVED_P      'P'
-%define STAGE2_ERROR_RESERVED_Q      'Q'
-%define STAGE2_ERROR_RESERVED_R      'R'
-%define STAGE2_ERROR_RESERVED_S      'S'
-%define STAGE2_ERROR_RESERVED_T      'T'
-%define STAGE2_ERROR_RESERVED_U      'U'
-%define STAGE2_ERROR_RESERVED_V      'V'
-%define STAGE2_ERROR_RESERVED_W      'W'
-%define STAGE2_ERROR_RESERVED_X      'X'
-%define STAGE2_ERROR_RESERVED_Y      'Y'
-%define STAGE2_ERROR_RESERVED_Z      'Z'
-
-
-%macro ERROR 1
-    mov al, %1
-    jmp error
-%endmacro
-
-; pass error as ascii character in al, errors a-zA-Z or 0-9
-error:
-    ; color 0x4F is white on red
-    ; fs = 0xb800 => fs:0x0000 = 0xb8000
-    mov dx, 0xB800
-    mov fs, dx
-
-    ; the characters are two bytes in the order of 0xb8000: byte c, byte attribute
-    ; since x86 is le, we store the attribute in the MSB of dx
-    mov dh, 0x4F
-    mov dl, al
-    mov word [fs:0x0000], dx
-
-.stop:
-    hlt
-    jmp short error.stop

include/fat32/FAT32_SYS.inc

@@ -0,0 +1,320 @@
+; Copyright (C) 2025 Elaina Claus
+; 
+;     This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+;     it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+;     the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+;     (at your option) any later version.
+; 
+;     This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+;     but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+;     MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+;     GNU General Public License for more details.
+; 
+;     You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+;     along with this program.  If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+%ifndef __INC_FAT32_SYS
+
+%include "partition_table.inc"
+%include "fat32/bpb_offset_bx.inc"
+%include "fat32/fat32_structures.inc"
+
+; Clobbers: eax, edx
+; returns: none
+ALIGN 4, db 0x90
+InitFATDriver:
+    __CDECL16_PROC_ENTRY
+.func:
+
+    __CDECL16_CALL_ARGS fat32_state, 0x0000, FAT32_State_t_size
+    __CDECL16_CALL kmemset, 3
+
+.calc_active_part:
+    mov ax, word [partition_offset]            
+    mov di, fat32_state
+
+    mov dx, partition_table
+    add dx, ax                                                           ; dx points to the partition that was booted from
+    mov bx, dx                                                           ; set bx, should point at our partition
+
+    mov eax, dword [bx + PartEntry_t.lba_start]
+    mov dword [di + FAT32_State_t.curr_drive_lba_32], eax
+
+    mov si, fat32_bpb
+    mov bx, fat32_ebpb
+.calc_first_fat:
+    movzx eax,  word [si + FAT32_bpb_t.reserved_sectors_word]        ; first fat from start of partition
+    add   eax, dword [di + FAT32_State_t.curr_drive_lba_32]          ; calculate offset from start of drive
+    jc InitFATDriver.error
+
+    mov dword [di + FAT32_State_t.first_fat_sector_32], eax
+.calc_total_fat:
+    mov edx,  dword [bx + FAT32_ebpb_t.FATSz_dword]
+    movzx eax, byte [si + FAT32_bpb_t.fat_count_byte]
+    mul edx                                                                ; result in EDX:EAX, CF set on > 32bit return value
+    jc InitFATDriver.error                                                 ; as a catch for unhandled overflow, just error if value is greater than 32bits
+
+    mov dword [di + FAT32_State_t.fat_size_32], eax
+.calc_first_data:
+    mov edx, dword [di + FAT32_State_t.first_fat_sector_32]
+    add eax, edx
+    jc InitFATDriver.error
+
+    mov dword [di + FAT32_State_t.first_data_sector_32], eax
+.set_first_dir:
+    mov eax, dword [bx + FAT32_ebpb_t.root_clus_dword]
+    mov dword [di + FAT32_State_t.curr_dir_cluster_32], eax
+.endp:
+    __CDECL16_PROC_EXIT
+    ret
+.error:
+    ERROR STAGE2_FAT32_INIT_CF
+
+ALIGN 4, db 0x90
+FSInfoPrinter:
+    __CDECL16_PROC_ENTRY
+.func:
+    ;info we want to print to validate we are loading stuff from the disk correctly
+    ; boot_drive # (i.e 0x80)
+    ; active/bootable partition info (lba_start, lba_length, part_type)
+    ; BPB Info: BS_OEMName = ident_8, BPB_BytsPerSec = bytes_per_sector_16, BPB_SecPerClus = sectors_per_cluster_8
+    ; eBPB info: FATSz_dword, volid, vol label
+    ; 
+    ; print entire FAT32 state
+    ;
+.endp:
+    __CDECL16_PROC_EXIT
+    ret
+.error:
+    ERROR STAGE2_ERROR_INFOPRINTER
+
+; this involves using the low memory buffer for the bios call and moving the file sector by sector to high memory
+;
+; SFN is a 8.3 file name, all uppercase, and padded with spaces
+; do not add a null byte to the end of the string
+; eg. kernel.bin == "KERNEL  BIN"
+;
+; returns first cluster of file if found
+; halts/errors if file is not found
+; uint32_t SearchFATDIR(uint8_t* SFN);
+ALIGN 4, db 0x90
+SearchFATDIR:
+    __CDECL16_PROC_ENTRY
+.file_lookup:
+    __CDECL16_CALL_ARGS SearchFATDIR_info
+    __CDECL16_CALL PrintString, 1
+
+    mov bx, fat32_state
+    .load_first_dir:
+
+        ; uint8_t ReadFATCluster(uint16_t seg, uint16_t offset, uint32_t cluster)
+        push dword [bx + FAT32_State_t.curr_dir_cluster_32]          ; cluster
+        push dir_buffer                                              ; offset
+        push 0x0000                                                  ; segment
+        call ReadFATCluster
+        add sp, 0x8
+
+        mov si, dir_buffer
+        jmp SearchFATDIR.empty_dir_entry
+
+    .load_next_dir:
+        ; if eax >= 0x0FFFFFF8 then there are no more clusters (end of chain)
+        ; if eax == 0x0FFFFFF7 then this is a cluster that is marked as bad
+
+        ; uint32_t NextCluster(uint32_t active_cluster);
+        push dword [bx + FAT32_State_t.curr_dir_cluster_32]
+        call NextCluster        
+        add sp, 0x4
+
+        cmp eax, 0x0fff_fff7
+        ;je SearchFATDIR.bad_cluster            ; TODO: Implement Bad cluster checks
+        jb SearchFATDIR.load_next_dir_next_OK
+        ERROR STAGE2_FAT32_END_OF_CHAIN
+
+    .load_next_dir_next_OK:
+        ; load 512 bytes of directory entries from data sector
+
+        ; uint8_t ReadFATCluster(uint16_t seg, uint16_t offset, uint32_t cluster)
+        push dword [bx + FAT32_State_t.curr_dir_cluster_32] ; cluster   
+        push dir_buffer                                     ; offset
+        push 0x0000                                         ; segment
+        call ReadFATCluster     
+        add sp, 0x8
+
+    .empty_dir_entry:
+        ; check for 0x0 in first byte, if true then there are no more files
+        ; if true we did not find the file, we should error here
+        cmp byte [si], 0
+        jne SearchFATDIR.unused_dir_entry
+        ERROR STAGE2_FAT32_NO_FILE
+
+    .unused_dir_entry:
+        ; check for 0xe5 and 0x05 in first byte, if true then this entry is unused, but it is not the last entry.
+        cmp byte [si], 0xe5
+        je SearchFATDIR.next_entry
+
+        cmp byte [si], 0x05
+        je SearchFATDIR.next_entry
+        jmp SearchFATDIR.parse_dir
+
+    .next_entry:
+        ; increment offset by 32 bytes to read the next entry in this set of dir entries
+        ; if we are at the end of the buffer, then load the next buffer
+        add si, 0x20        ; 32 bytes
+
+        mov ax, dir_buffer
+        add ax, 0x1FF       ; 512 - 1 bytes
+        cmp si, ax
+        jae SearchFATDIR.load_next_dir
+        jmp SearchFATDIR.empty_dir_entry
+
+    ; TODO: move this to a seperate string search function
+    .parse_dir:
+        __CDECL16_CALL_ARGS MaybeFound_Boot_info
+        __CDECL16_CALL PrintString, 1
+        
+        .lfn_check:
+            ; check for ATTR_READ_ONLY | ATTR_HIDDEN | ATTR_SYSTEM | ATTR_VOLUME_ID  (0x0F) in offset 11
+            ; TODO: going to skip LFN for now, since all valid volumes will have SFN's
+            cmp byte [si+11], 0x0F
+            je SearchFATDIR.next_entry
+        .sfn_file_name_check:
+            push si
+            push di
+
+            mov cx, 0xA                     ; max of 11 filename length of 11 characters
+            ; si points to the start of the current directory entry
+            mov di, BootTarget              ; current memory location (8.3 name is at offset 0)
+            repe cmpsb                      ; compare the strings
+
+            pop di
+            pop si
+            jne SearchFATDIR.next_entry
+
+            .sfn_entry_found:
+            mov ax, [si + FAT32_SFN_t.cluster_16_high]
+            shl eax, 16
+            mov ax, [si + FAT32_SFN_t.cluster_16_low]
+            ; eax == first cluster of file
+.endp:
+    __CDECL16_PROC_EXIT
+    ret
+
+; BUG: this function needs review
+; uint32_t NextCluster(uint32_t active_cluster);
+; if eax >= 0x0FFFFFF8 then there are no more clusters (end of chain)
+; if eax == 0x0FFFFFF7 then this is a cluster that is marked as bad
+ALIGN 4, db 0x90
+NextCluster:
+    __CDECL16_PROC_ENTRY
+.func:
+    __CDECL16_CALL_ARGS NextFATCluster_info
+    __CDECL16_CALL PrintString, 1
+
+    __CDECL16_CALL_ARGS fat32_nc_data, 0x0000, FAT32_NextClusterData_t_size
+    __CDECL16_CALL kmemset, 3
+
+    mov edx, dword [bp + 4]                      ; active_cluster
+    mov si, fat32_nc_data                        ; instead of push/pop and moving the data back
+    mov di, fat32_bpb                            ; load si & di then use xchg
+    mov bx, fat32_state
+.calc_offset:
+; fat_offset = active_cluster * 4
+    mov eax, 4
+    mul edx                                      
+    jc NextCluster.error_cfdivz
+    mov dword [si + FAT32_NextClusterData_t.fat_offset], eax        ; move lower 32 bits to fat offset
+.calc_fat_sector:
+; fat_sector = first_fat_sector + (fat_offset / sector_size)
+; entry_offset = fat_offset % sector_size
+    xor edx, edx
+    movzx ecx, word [di + FAT32_bpb_t.bytes_per_sector_word]
+    cmp eax, 0
+    je NextCluster.error_cfdivz
+    div ecx              ; eDX:eAX / eCX = fat_sector - first_fat_sector in eAX
+                        ; eDX = remainder (fat_offset mod sector_size)
+
+    mov dword [si + FAT32_NextClusterData_t.entry_offset], edx
+    mov ecx, dword [bx + FAT32_State_t.first_fat_sector_32]
+    add eax, ecx        ; fat_sector + first_fat_sector
+    mov dword [si + FAT32_NextClusterData_t.fat_sector], eax
+.load_fat_table:
+    xor ax, ax
+    mov al, byte [boot_drive]
+    push ax
+
+    mov ax, 0x1
+    push ax
+
+    ; load correct fat
+    mov eax, dword [si + FAT32_NextClusterData_t.fat_sector]
+    push dword eax
+
+    mov ax, fat_buffer
+    push ax
+
+    xor ax, ax
+    push ax
+    call read_disk_raw  
+    add sp, 0xC
+    ; uint8_t read_stage2_raw(uint16_t buf_segment, uint16_t buf_offset, 
+;                         uint32_t lba,
+;                         uint16_t count, uint16_t drive_num)
+.read_cluster:
+    ; next_cluster = fat_buffer[entry_offset]
+    mov ebx, dword [si + FAT32_NextClusterData_t.entry_offset]
+    mov si, fat_buffer
+    mov eax, dword [bx+si+0]
+    ; BUG: ???
+.endp:
+    __CDECL16_PROC_EXIT
+    ret
+.error_cfdivz:
+    ERROR STAGE2_FAT32_NCLUS_CFDIVZ
+
+; uint8_t ReadFATCluster(uint16_t seg, uint16_t offset, uint32_t cluster)
+ALIGN 4, db 0x90
+ReadFATCluster:
+    __CDECL16_PROC_ENTRY
+.func:
+    __CDECL16_CALL_ARGS ReadFATCluster_info
+    __CDECL16_CALL PrintString, 1
+
+    mov bx, fat32_bpb
+    mov si, fat32_ebpb
+
+    xor ax, ax
+    mov al, byte [boot_drive]
+    push ax
+
+    mov ax, 0x1                         ; count = 1
+    push ax
+
+    mov eax, dword [bp + 8]             ; cluster
+    sub eax, 2
+    movzx edx, byte [bx + FAT32_bpb_t.sectors_per_cluster_byte]
+    mul edx                             ; result in eax, error on carry 
+    jc ReadFATCluster.error
+    add eax, dword [si + FAT32_State_t.first_data_sector_32]
+    jc ReadFATCluster.error
+    ; eax contains the LBA now
+    push dword eax                      ; lba = ClusterToLBA(..)
+
+    mov ax, word [bp + 6]               ; offset
+    push ax
+
+    mov ax, word [bp + 4]
+    push ax
+    ; uint8_t read_disk_raw(uint16_t buf_segment, uint16_t buf_offset, 
+    ;                         uint32_t lba,
+    ;                         uint16_t count, uint16_t drive_num)
+    call read_disk_raw  
+    add sp, 0xC
+.endp:
+    __CDECL16_PROC_EXIT
+    ret
+.error:
+    ERROR STAGE2_FAT32_CLS2LBA_CF
+
+%endif
+%define __INC_FAT32_SYS

include/fat32/bpb_offset_bx.inc

@@ -1,23 +1,19 @@
-; Copyright (c) 2023 Elaina Claus
-;
-; Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
-; of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
-; in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
-; to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
-; copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
-; furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
-;
-; The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
-; copies or substantial portions of the Software.
-;
-; THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
-; IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
-; FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
-; AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
-; LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
-; OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE
-; SOFTWARE.
+; Copyright (C) 2025 Elaina Claus
+; 
+;     This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+;     it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+;     the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+;     (at your option) any later version.
+; 
+;     This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+;     but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+;     MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+;     GNU General Public License for more details.
+; 
+;     You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+;     along with this program.  If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
 
+%ifndef __INC_BPD_OFFSET_BX
 
 ; BPB Information
 ; Off.  Hex Off. Size   Description
@@ -88,4 +84,7 @@
 %define bsVolumeSerial      bx+0x43
 %define bsVolumeLabel       bx+0x47
 %define bsSystemIdent       bx+0x52
-;-- End EBPB
+;-- End EBPB
+
+%endif
+%define __INC_BPD_OFFSET_BX

include/fat32/fat32_structures.inc

@@ -1,23 +1,19 @@
-; Copyright (c) 2023 Elaina Claus
-;
-; Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
-; of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
-; in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
-; to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
-; copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
-; furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
-;
-; The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
-; copies or substantial portions of the Software.
-;
-; THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
-; IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
-; FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
-; AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
-; LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
-; OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE
-; SOFTWARE.
+; Copyright (C) 2025 Elaina Claus
+; 
+;     This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+;     it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+;     the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+;     (at your option) any later version.
+; 
+;     This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+;     but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+;     MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+;     GNU General Public License for more details.
+; 
+;     You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+;     along with this program.  If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
 
+%ifndef __INC_FAT32_STRUCT
 
 ; ## FAT32 Info ##
 ;   total_sectors = bsSectorsHuge
@@ -62,19 +58,20 @@
 ;                           resulting in a value which does not fit in the Number of Sectors entry at 0x13. 
 
 struc FAT32_bpb_t
-    .ident_8                   resb 8
-    .bytes_per_sector_16       resb 2
-    .sectors_per_cluster_8     resb 1
-    .reserved_sectors_16       resb 2
-    .fat_count_8               resb 1
-    .dir_entry_count_16        resb 2
-    .sector_count_16           resb 2
-    .media_desc_8              resb 1
-    .sectors_per_fat_16        resb 2
-    .sectors_per_track_16      resb 2
-    .head_count_16             resb 2
-    .hidden_sectors_32         resb 4
-    .sector_count_32           resb 4
+    .reserved_jmpboot               resb 3
+    .ident                          resb 8
+    .bytes_per_sector_word          resb 2
+    .sectors_per_cluster_byte       resb 1
+    .reserved_sectors_word          resb 2
+    .fat_count_byte                 resb 1
+    .unused1_ZERO_word              resb 2      ; Root entry count field, 0 on fat32
+    .unused2_ZERO_word              resb 2      ; total sectors size 16, 0 on fat32
+    .media_desc_byte                resb 1
+    .unused3_ZERO_word              resb 2      ; FAT size 16, 0 on fat32
+    .sectors_per_track_word         resb 2
+    .head_count_word                resb 2
+    .hidden_sectors_dword           resb 4
+    .total_sectors_dword            resb 4
 endstruc
 
 ; EBPB Information (FAT32)
@@ -94,19 +91,19 @@ endstruc
 ;   8 	System identifier string. Always "FAT32   ". The spec says never to trust the contents of this string for any use.
 
 struc FAT32_ebpb_t
-    .sectors_per_fat_32        resb 4
-    .fat32_flags_16            resb 2
-    .fat32_version_16          resb 2
-    .root_dir_cluster_32       resb 4
-    .fsinfo_sector_16          resb 2
-    .backup_boot_sector_16     resb 2
-    .reserved1                 resb 12
-    .drive_number_8            resb 1
-    .nt_flags_8                resb 1
-    .signature_8               resb 1
-    .volume_serial_32          resb 4
-    .volume_label              resb 11
-    .system_ident              resb 8
+    .FATSz_dword                resb 4
+    .extflags_word              resb 2
+    .FSVersion_word             resb 2
+    .root_clus_dword            resb 4
+    .FSInfo_word                resb 2
+    .BkBootSec_word             resb 2
+    .reserved1                  resb 12
+    .drive_number_byte          resb 1
+    .nt_flags_byte              resb 1
+    .signature_byte             resb 1
+    .volume_id_dword            resb 4
+    .volume_label_bytea         resb 11
+    .system_ident_bytea         resb 8
 endstruc
 
 ; ## Standard 8.3 structure ###
@@ -132,19 +129,43 @@ endstruc
 ;   26              2                Low 16 bits of entry's first cluster
 ;   28              4                File size in bytes
 
+; FSInfo 
+; 0 	0x0 	4 	    Lead signature (must be 0x41615252 to indicate a valid FSInfo structure)
+; 4 	0x4 	480 	Reserved, these bytes should never be used
+; 484 	0x1E4 	4 	    Another signature (must be 0x61417272)
+; 488 	0x1E8 	4 	    Contains the last known free cluster count on the volume. If the value is 0xFFFFFFFF, then the free count is unknown and must be computed. 
+;                       However, this value might be incorrect and should at least be range checked (<= volume cluster count)
+;
+; 492 	0x1EC 	4 	    Indicates the cluster number at which the filesystem driver should start looking for available clusters. 
+;                       If the value is 0xFFFFFFFF, then there is no hint and the driver should start searching at 2. 
+;                       Typically this value is set to the last allocated cluster number. As the previous field, this value should be range checked.
+;
+; 496 	0x1F0 	12 	    Reserved
+; 508 	0x1FC 	4 	    Trail signature (0xAA550000)
+
+struc FAT32_FSInfo_t
+    .head_sig_dword         resd 1          ; 0x41615252
+    .reserved1              resb 480        ; fill zero
+    .body_sig_dword         resd 1          ; 0x61417272
+    .free_count_dword       resd 1
+    .next_free_dword        resd 1
+    .reserved2              resb 12         ; fill zero
+    .tail_sig_dword         resd 1          ; 0xAA550000
+endstruc
+
 struc FAT32_SFN_t
-    .label                resb 11
-    .attributes_8       resb 1
-    .nt_res_8           resb 1
-    .csec_8             resb 1
-    .ctime_16           resb 2
-    .cdate_16           resb 2
-    .adate_16           resb 2
-    .cluster_16_high    resb 2
-    .mtime_16           resb 2
-    .mdate_16           resb 2
-    .cluster_16_low     resb 2
-    .size_32            resb 4
+    .label_83               resb 11
+    .attributes_byte        resb 1
+    .nt_res_byte            resb 1
+    .csec_byte              resb 1
+    .ctime_word             resb 2
+    .cdate_word             resb 2
+    .adate_word             resb 2
+    .cluster_16_high        resb 2
+    .mtime_word             resb 2
+    .mdate_word             resb 2
+    .cluster_16_low         resb 2
+    .size_dword             resb 4
 endstruc
 
 ; ## Long file name (LFN) structure format ##
@@ -164,51 +185,24 @@ endstruc
 ; Max of 20 in sequence == 0x14
 
 struc FAT32_LFN_t
-    .order        resb 1
-    .lfn_first5   resb 10
-    .attributes_8 resb 1
-    .zero1        resb 1
-    .checksum     resb 1
-    .lfn_next6    resb 12
-    .zero2        resb 2
-    .lfn_last2    resb 4
+    .order                  resb 1
+    .lfn_first5             resb 10
+    .attributes_8           resb 1
+    .zero1                  resb 1
+    .checksum               resb 1
+    .lfn_next6              resb 12
+    .zero2                  resb 2
+    .lfn_last2              resb 4
 endstruc
 
-; FSInfo 
-; 0 	0x0 	4 	    Lead signature (must be 0x41615252 to indicate a valid FSInfo structure)
-; 4 	0x4 	480 	Reserved, these bytes should never be used
-; 484 	0x1E4 	4 	    Another signature (must be 0x61417272)
-; 488 	0x1E8 	4 	    Contains the last known free cluster count on the volume. If the value is 0xFFFFFFFF, then the free count is unknown and must be computed. 
-;                       However, this value might be incorrect and should at least be range checked (<= volume cluster count)
-;
-; 492 	0x1EC 	4 	    Indicates the cluster number at which the filesystem driver should start looking for available clusters. 
-;                       If the value is 0xFFFFFFFF, then there is no hint and the driver should start searching at 2. 
-;                       Typically this value is set to the last allocated cluster number. As the previous field, this value should be range checked.
-;
-; 496 	0x1F0 	12 	    Reserved
-; 508 	0x1FC 	4 	    Trail signature (0xAA550000)
-
-struc FAT32_FSInfo_t
-    .head_signature_32         resd 1
-    .reserved1                 resb 480
-    .body_signature_32         resd 1
-    .free_cluster_count_32     resd 1
-    .first_avail_cluster_32    resd 1
-    .reserved2                 resd 3
-    .tail_signature_32         resd 1
-endstruc
-
-
 ; 32 bytes
 struc FAT32_State_t
-    .first_root_dir_sector_32 resd 1
     .first_data_sector_32     resd 1
     .first_fat_sector_32      resd 1
     .fat_size_32              resd 1
-    .active_cluster_32        resd 1
-    .active_FAT_cluster_32    resd 1
-    .active_dir_cluster_32    resd 1
-    .active_drive_lba_32      resd 1
+    .curr_FAT_cluster_32      resd 1
+    .curr_dir_cluster_32      resd 1
+    .curr_drive_lba_32        resd 1
 endstruc
 
 ; 16 bytes
@@ -230,4 +224,5 @@ endstruc
 ; LFN == RO | HIDDEN | SYSTEM | VOLID == 0x0F
 %define FAT32_ATTR_LFN          0x0F
 
-
+%endif
+%define __INC_FAT32_STRUCT

include/memory.inc

@@ -1,213 +0,0 @@
-; Copyright (c) 2023 Elaina Claus
-;
-; Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
-; of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
-; in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
-; to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
-; copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
-; furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
-;
-; The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
-; copies or substantial portions of the Software.
-;
-; THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
-; IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
-; FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
-; AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
-; LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
-; OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE
-; SOFTWARE.
-
-
-; ## Generic Low mem map (from osdev wiki) ##
-; start 	        end 	    size 	        type 	                    description
-; Low Memory (the first MiB)
-; 0x00000000 	0x000003FF 	1 KiB 	        RAM - partially unusable  	Real Mode IVT (Interrupt Vector Table)
-; 0x00000400 	0x000004FF 	256 bytes 	    RAM - partially unusable 	BDA (BIOS data area)
-; 0x00000500 	0x00007BFF 	almost 30 KiB 	RAM - free for use 	        Conventional memory
-; 0x00007C00  	0x00007DFF 	512 bytes 	    RAM - partially unusable  	OS BootSector
-; 0x00007E00 	0x0007FFFF 	480.5 KiB 	    RAM - free for use 	        Conventional memory
-; 0x00080000 	0x0009FFFF 	128 KiB 	    RAM - partially unusable 	EBDA (Extended BIOS Data Area)
-; 0x000A0000 	0x000FFFFF 	384 KiB 	    various (unusable) 	        Video memory, ROM Area
-
-; ## A rough overview of high mem ##
-; Idealy this needs to be probed with the E820 functions
-; # Start                   # End           # size                      # description
-;
-; 0x00100000 	            0x00EFFFFF 	    0x00E00000 (14 MiB) 	    RAM -- free for use (if it exists) 	Extended memory
-; 0x00F00000 	            0x00FFFFFF 	    0x00100000 (1 MiB) 	        Possible memory mapped hardware 	ISA Memory Hole 15-16MB
-; 0x01000000 	            ???????? 	    ??? (whatever exists) 	    RAM -- free for use 	            More Extended memory
-; 0xC0000000 (sometimes) 	0xFFFFFFFF 	    0x40000000 (1 GiB) 	 	    Memory mapped PCI devices, PnP NVRAM?, IO APIC/s, local APIC/s, BIOS, ...
-; 0x0000000100000000  	    ???	            ??? (whatever exists) 	    RAM -- free for use (PAE/64bit)/More Extended memory
-; ???????????????? 	        ??? 	        ??? 	                    Potentially usable for memory mapped PCI devices in modern hardware (but typically not, due to backward compatibility) 
-
-; 0x2700 -> 0x28FF
-%define disk_buffer           0x2700
-; 0x2900 -> 0x2AFF
-%define fat_buffer            0x2900
-; 0x2B00 -> 0x2CFF
-%define dir_buffer            0x2B00
-
-; copy of partition table, 72 bytes
-%define partition_table       0x3000
-%define partition_table_SIZE  72
-
-; copy of FAT32 BPB, 33 bytes (+1 to the next value to align to uint16_t)
-;0x3048
-%define fat32_bpb             0x3050
-%define fat32_bpb_SIZE        33
-
-; copy of FAT32 EBPB, 54 bytes
-;0x306A
-%define fat32_ebpb            0x3070
-%define fat32_ebpb_SIZE       54
-
-; FAT32 FSInfo, 512 bytes
-;0x30A2
-%define fat32_fsinfo          0x30B0
-%define fat32_fsinfo_SIZE     512
-
-; some stored state for the fat32 driver
-;0x32A2
-%define fat32_state           0x32B0
-%define fat32_state_SIZE      32
-
-; next free space is 0x32D0
-%define fat32_nc_data         0x32D0
-%define fat32_nc_data_size    16
-
-; lba_packet for raw_disk_read
-%define lba_packet            0x4000
-
-%define BIOSMemoryMap         0x4200
-%define SteviaInfo            0x4400
-
-
-; High memory addresses for loading kernel (for use with unreal mode and 32bit override)
-
-; file load buffer at 16MB
-%define HMEM_load_buffer      0x1000000
-
-
-;PhysicalAddress = Segment * 16 + Offset
-%define SEG_TO_LINEAR(s,o) ((s << 4) + o)
-
-; Offset = physical / (Segment * 16)
-%define LINEAR_TO_OFFSET(p,s) ((p / (s << 4)))
-
-; Seg = (physical - offset) / 16
-%define LINEAR_TO_SEGMENT(p,o) ((p - o) >> 4)
-
-; create normalized linear addres from seg:off (16:4)
-; Segement = linear >> 4 (top 16 bits)
-; offset = linear & 0x0F (low 4 bits)
-
-; 20 bytes, passed to loaded kernel
-struc SteviaInfoStruct_t
-    .MemoryMapPtr      resd 1
-    .MemoryMapEntries  resd 1
-    .BPBDataPtr        resd 1
-    .EBPBDataPtr       resd 1
-endstruc
-
-; Address Range Descriptor Structure
-;
-; Offset in Bytes		Name		Description
-;	0	    BaseAddrLow		u32 - Low 32 Bits of Base Address
-;	4	    BaseAddrHigh	u32 - High 32 Bits of Base Address
-;	8	    LengthLow		u32 - Low 32 Bits of Length in Bytes
-;	12	    LengthHigh		u32 - High 32 Bits of Length in Bytes
-;	16	    Type		    u32 - Address type of  this range.
-;   20      ExtType         u32 -  ACPI 3.0 extended type
-struc AddressRangeDescStruct_t
-    .BaseAddrLow    resd 1
-    .BaseAddrHigh   resd 1
-    .LengthLow      resd 1
-    .LengthHigh     resd 1
-    .Type           resd 1
-    .ExtType        resd 1
-endstruc
-
-; moves argument into eax then pushes lower 16bits then upper 16 bits of of argument to stack
-; eax is clobbered
-%macro PUSH_DWORD 1
-    mov eax, %1
-    push ax
-    shr eax, 16
-    push ax
-%endmacro
-
-; same as PUSH_DWORD except no arguments, pushes EAX directly
-%macro PUSH_DWORD_EAX 0
-    push ax
-    shr eax, 16
-    push ax
-%endmacro
-
-; pops upper 16bits then lower 16bits into eax
-; eax is clobbered
-%macro POP_DWORD_EAX 0
-    xor eax, eax
-    pop ax
-    shl eax, 16
-    pop ax
-%endmacro
-
-; moves data on stack referenced by bp to eax
-; stack must be organized as follows (tl;dr push lower 16bits first ie. PUSH_DWORD macro)
-; MOV_DWORD_EAX 2
-; STACK TOP (0x0)
-;   upper_uint16  [bp-4]
-;   lower_uint16 [bp-2]
-;   --- [bp] ---
-;   ...
-; STACK BOTTOM
-;
-; first argument == starting offset from bp for lower 16bits
-%macro MOV_DWORD_EAX 1
-    mov ax, [bp-(%1+2)]
-    shl eax, 16
-    mov ax, [bp-%1]
-    ; eax contains dword from stack
-%endmacro
-
-%macro DEBUG_HCF 0
-    DEBUG_LOOP:
-        hlt
-        jmp short DEBUG_LOOP
-%endmacro
-
-
-; uint8_t* kmemset(void* dest, uint8_t val, size_t len);
-kmemset:
-    push    di             ; function uses di, so save it.
- 
-    mov     cx, [bp - 2]   ; size_t len
-    mov     al, [bp - 4]   ; uint8_t val
-    mov     di, [bp - 6]   ; void * ptr
-
-    cld
-    rep     stosb 
-.endf:
-    mov     ax, [bp - 6]  ; return pointer to dest
-    pop     di            ; restore di
-    ret
-
-; uint8_t* kmemset(uint8_t* dest, uint8_t* src, size_t len);
-; not overlap safe
-kmemcpy:
-    push di
-    push si                 ; di, si are callee save
-
-    mov cx, [bp - 2]        ; length
-    mov si, [bp - 4]        ; source
-    mov di, [bp - 6]        ; dest
-    
-    cld                     ; ensure we are incrementing
-    rep movsb
-
-.endf:
-    mov ax, [bp - 6]        ; return pointer to dest
-    pop si
-    pop di
-    ret

include/partition_table.inc

@@ -1,22 +1,19 @@
-; Copyright (c) 2023 Elaina Claus
-;
-; Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
-; of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
-; in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
-; to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
-; copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
-; furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
-;
-; The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
-; copies or substantial portions of the Software.
-;
-; THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
-; IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
-; FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
-; AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
-; LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
-; OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE
-; SOFTWARE.
+; Copyright (C) 2025 Elaina Claus
+; 
+;     This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+;     it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+;     the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+;     (at your option) any later version.
+; 
+;     This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+;     but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+;     MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+;     GNU General Public License for more details.
+; 
+;     You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+;     along with this program.  If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+%ifndef __INC_PART_TABLE
 
 ; Partition table entry format
 ; Off.  Size.       Description
@@ -32,32 +29,18 @@ struc PartEntry_t
     .chs_start  resb 3
     .part_type  resb 1
     .chs_end    resb 3
-    .lba_start  resb 4
-    .lba_length resb 4
+    .lba_start  resd 1
+    .lba_length resd 1
 endstruc
 
 struc PartTable_t
-    .partition1 resb 16
-    .partition2 resb 16
-    .partition3 resb 16
-    .partition4 resb 16
+    .signature resb 4
+    .reserved  resb 2
+    .partition1 resb PartEntry_t_size
+    .partition2 resb PartEntry_t_size
+    .partition3 resb PartEntry_t_size
+    .partition4 resb PartEntry_t_size
 endstruc
 
-
-;Offset	Size	    Description
-; 0	    1	    size of packet (16 bytes)
-; 1	    1	    always 0
-; 2	    2	    number of sectors to transfer (max 127 on some BIOSes)
-; 4	    4	    transfer buffer (0xFFFF:0xFFFF)
-; 8	    4	    lower 32-bits of starting 48-bit LBA
-; 12	4	    upper 32-bits of starting 48-bit LBA
-; needs to be aligned to a uint32_t
-struc LBAPkt_t
-    .size        resb 1
-    .res0        resb 1
-    .xfer_size   resw 1
-    .offset      resw 1
-    .segment     resw 1
-    .lower_lba   resd 1
-    .upper_lba   resd 1
-endstruc
+%endif
+%define __INC_PART_TABLE

include/util/arena_alloc.nasm

@@ -0,0 +1,169 @@
+%ifndef __INC_ARENA_ALLOC_FUNC
+
+%define __ARENA_HEAP_START 0x8000
+%define __ARENA_HEAP_SIZE  0x6000   ; 0x8000 -> 0xE000 = 24KiB of Heap
+
+struc ArenaStateStruc_t
+    .start resw 1
+    .end resw 1
+    .mark resw 1
+endstruc
+
+; void arena_init(ArenaState *a)
+;
+arena_init:
+    __CDECL16_PROC_ENTRY
+.func:
+    mov ax, word [bp + 4]     ; ptr to state structure
+    mov di, ax
+
+    xor ax, ax
+    mov word [di + ArenaStateStruc_t.mark], ax
+    mov word [di + ArenaStateStruc_t.end], word (__ARENA_HEAP_START + __ARENA_HEAP_SIZE)
+    mov word [di + ArenaStateStruc_t.start], __ARENA_HEAP_START
+
+    ; zero out heap area on init
+    ; void* kmemset_byte(void* dst, uint8_t val, uint16_t len);
+    ; TODO: use word or qword spacing at least to speed this up
+    mov ax, __ARENA_HEAP_SIZE
+    push ax                     ; len
+    xor ax, ax
+    push ax                     ; val = 0
+    mov ax, __ARENA_HEAP_START
+    push ax                     ; dst
+    call kmemset
+    add sp, 0x6
+
+.endp:
+    __CDECL16_PROC_EXIT
+    ret
+
+; size_t align_up(size_t x, size_t a)
+; ax, bx. cx are all clobbered
+; align x up to the nearest specified alignment (a), a should be a power of 2
+; (x + (a-1)) & ~(a-1)
+; return value in ax
+arena_align_up:
+    __CDECL16_PROC_ENTRY
+.func:
+    ; if a == 0 return x
+    mov ax, [bp + 4]      ; x
+    mov bx, [bp + 6]      ; a
+
+    test bx, bx
+    jz .endp              
+
+    ; enforce power-of-two for alignment, return x
+    ; for example...
+    ; alignment = 0x0010,
+    ;    0x0010 & (0x0010 - 0x0001)
+    ;    0x0010 & 0x000F -> 1_0000000b & 0_11111111b => 0b == zero
+    ;
+    ; alignment = 0x0006
+    ;    0x0006 & (0x0006 - 0x0001)
+    ;    0x0006 & 0x0005 -> 00000110b & 00000101b => 00000100b != 0
+    ;
+    ; i.e any power of 2 has only 1 bit set in binary (2 = 0010b, 4 = 0100b, 8 = 1000b and so on)
+    ;  subtracting 1 from a power of 2 'flips' lower bits ( 7 = 0111b, 15 = 1111b ...) 
+    ;  so 'and'ing a power of two with (itself - 1) will result in none of the bit's being set
+    mov cx, bx
+    dec cx
+    test bx, cx
+    jnz .endp
+
+    dec bx                ; a - 1
+
+    mov cx, ax
+    add cx, bx            ; x + (a-1)
+    not bx                ; ~(a-1)
+
+    and cx, bx            ; and with the inverse
+
+    mov ax, cx            ; move to ax and return
+.endp:
+    __CDECL16_PROC_EXIT
+    ret
+
+; void* arena_alloc(size_t bytes, size_t align)
+; bp-2 - current used arena (i.e 'highmark')
+; bp-4 - aligned_ptr 
+; bp-6 - new_end
+arena_alloc:
+    __CDECL16_PROC_ENTRY 0x10
+.func:
+    ; remove bytes from pool and increment mark to the new cursor location
+    ; return a pointer to the begining of  allocated segment
+    mov bx, early_heap_state
+    
+    mov ax, word [bx + ArenaStateStruc_t.start]
+    mov dx, word [bx + ArenaStateStruc_t.mark]
+    add ax, dx                      ; i.e the total used arena
+    mov word [bp - 2], ax           ; save as a local
+
+    push bx                         ; save heap_state pointer
+
+    mov ax, word [bp + 6]           ; requested next allocation alignment
+    push ax
+    mov ax, word [bp - 2]           ; current arena 'highmark'
+    push ax
+    call arena_align_up
+    add sp, 0x4
+    mov word [bp - 4], ax           ; save return value
+
+    pop bx                          ; restore heap_state pointer
+
+    ; new_end = aligned_ptr + bytes 
+    add ax, word [bp + 4]           ; add to total (so current aligned mark + bytes)
+    mov word [bp - 6], ax           ; save as local
+
+    mov dx, word [bx + ArenaStateStruc_t.end]
+    cmp ax, dx
+    ja arena_alloc.error            ; if our heap end is < the requested throw an error, heap is full
+                                    ; else update the mark to the new value & return  the aligned pointer
+
+    ; mark_delta = new_end - curr_used
+    mov dx, word [bp - 6]
+    sub dx, word [bp - 2]
+
+    ; mark += mark_delta
+    mov ax, word [bx + ArenaStateStruc_t.mark]
+    add ax, dx
+    mov word [bx + ArenaStateStruc_t.mark], ax
+    
+    ; return aligned_ptr
+    mov ax, word [bp - 4]
+.endp:
+    __CDECL16_PROC_EXIT
+    ret
+.error:
+    ERROR STEVIA_DEBUG_ERR
+
+arena_mark:
+    __CDECL16_PROC_ENTRY
+.func:
+    ; return the current location of the 'cursor' in the allocator
+    ERROR STEVIA_DEBUG_UNIMPLEMENTED
+.endp:
+    __CDECL16_PROC_EXIT
+    ret
+
+arena_reset_to:
+    __CDECL16_PROC_ENTRY
+.func:
+    ; rewind the arena to a previously marked point
+    ERROR STEVIA_DEBUG_UNIMPLEMENTED
+.endp:
+    __CDECL16_PROC_EXIT
+    ret
+
+arena_reset:
+    __CDECL16_PROC_ENTRY
+.func:
+    ; reset the entire heap to a fresh state
+    ERROR STEVIA_DEBUG_UNIMPLEMENTED
+.endp:
+    __CDECL16_PROC_EXIT
+    ret
+
+%endif
+%define __INC_ARENA_ALLOC_FUNC

include/util/bochs_magic.inc

@@ -0,0 +1,51 @@
+; Copyright (C) 2025 Elaina Claus
+; 
+;     This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+;     it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+;     the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+;     (at your option) any later version.
+; 
+;     This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+;     but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+;     MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+;     GNU General Public License for more details.
+; 
+;     You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+;     along with this program.  If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+%ifndef __INC_BOCHS_DEBUG_MAGIC
+
+; for things like the error printer, opperate differently when we are targeting a dev (bochs) build
+%define __STEVIA_DEV_DEBUG
+; port_e9_hack: enabled=1 needs to be set in bochsrc.txt/bxrc
+;
+%ifnmacro __BOCHS_PRINTC
+    %macro __BOCHS_PRINTC 1
+        mov al, %1
+        out 0xe9, byte al
+    %endmacro
+%endif
+
+;
+; port_e9_hack: enabled=1 needs to be set in bochsrc.txt/bxrc
+;
+%ifnmacro __BOCHS_BREAK
+    %macro __BOCHS_BREAK 0
+        push ax
+        mov ax, 0x8A00
+        out 0x8A00, word ax
+        pop ax
+    %endmacro
+%endif
+
+;
+; magic_break: enabled=1 needs to be set in bochsrc.txt/bxrc
+;
+%ifnmacro __BOCHS_MAGIC_DEBUG
+    %macro __BOCHS_MAGIC_DEBUG 0
+        xchg bx, bx
+    %endmacro
+%endif
+
+%define __INC_BOCHS_DEBUG_MAGIC
+%endif

include/util/error_func.nasm

@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+; Copyright (C) 2025 Elaina Claus
+; 
+;     This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+;     it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+;     the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+;     (at your option) any later version.
+; 
+;     This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+;     but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+;     MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+;     GNU General Public License for more details.
+; 
+;     You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+;     along with this program.  If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+%ifndef __INC_ERROR_FUNC
+
+%macro ERROR 1
+    %ifdef __STEVIA_DEV_DEBUG
+    __BOCHS_MAGIC_DEBUG
+    %endif
+    mov al, %1           ; al = 1 byte error code mapped to ascii values
+    jmp error
+%endmacro
+
+; pass error as ascii character in al, errors a-zA-Z or 0-9
+ALIGN 4, db 0x90
+error:
+    cmp al, STEVIA_DEBUG_OK
+    jge short .debug            ; the 'letter >= W' (W, X, Y, Z) are used as special debug codes
+    mov ah, 0x4F                ; color 0x4F is white text/red background
+    jmp short .print
+.debug:
+    mov ah, 0x5F                ; debug case is white text/purple background
+.print:
+    mov dx, 0xB800
+    mov gs, dx                  
+    mov word [gs:0x0000], ax    ; 0xB8000 = video memory
+.halt:
+    cli
+    hlt
+    jmp short .halt
+
+%endif
+%define __INC_ERROR_FUNC

include/util/kmem_func.nasm

@@ -0,0 +1,53 @@
+; Copyright (C) 2025 Elaina Claus
+; 
+;     This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+;     it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+;     the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+;     (at your option) any later version.
+; 
+;     This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+;     but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+;     MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+;     GNU General Public License for more details.
+; 
+;     You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+;     along with this program.  If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+%ifndef __INC_KMEM_FUNC
+%include 'cdecl16.inc'
+
+; void* kmemset_byte(void* dst, uint8_t val, uint16_t len);
+ALIGN 4, db 0x90
+kmemset:
+    __CDECL16_PROC_ENTRY
+ .func:
+    mov     cx, [bp + 8]        ; uint16_t len
+    mov     al, byte [bp + 6]   ; uint8_t val
+    mov     di, [bp + 4]        ; void * dst
+
+    cld
+    rep     stosb
+    mov     ax, di         ; return pointer to dest + len (last elem of dest)
+.endp:
+    __CDECL16_PROC_EXIT
+    ret
+
+; uint8_t* kmemset(uint16_t* dest, uint16_t* src, uint16_t len);
+; not overlap safe
+ALIGN 4, db 0x90
+kmemcpy:
+    __CDECL16_PROC_ENTRY
+.func:
+    mov cx, [bp + 8]        ; len
+    mov si, [bp + 6]        ; src
+    mov di, [bp + 4]        ; dest
+    
+    cld                     ; ensure we are incrementing
+    rep movsb
+    mov ax, di              ; return pointer to dest
+.endf:
+    __CDECL16_PROC_EXIT
+    ret
+
+%endif
+%define __INC_KMEM_FUNC

include/util/kmemcpy5_func.nasm

@@ -0,0 +1,48 @@
+; Copyright (C) 2025 Elaina Claus
+; 
+;     This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+;     it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+;     the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+;     (at your option) any later version.
+; 
+;     This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+;     but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+;     MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+;     GNU General Public License for more details.
+; 
+;     You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+;     along with this program.  If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+%ifndef __INC_KMEMCPY5_FUNC
+%include 'cdecl16.inc'
+
+; uint8_t* kmemset(word dest_segment, word dest, word src_segment, word src, byte len);
+; not overlap safe, only for
+ALIGN 4, db 0x90
+kmemcpy5:
+    __CDECL16_PROC_ENTRY
+    push ds
+    push es
+.setup_segments:
+    mov ax, [bp + 4]
+    mov ds, ax              ; destination segment
+
+    mov ax, [ bp + 8]
+    mov es, ax              ; source segment
+.func:
+    mov cx, [bp + 12]        ; len
+    mov si, [bp + 10]        ; src
+    mov di, [bp + 6]        ; dest
+    
+    cld                     ; ensure we are incrementing
+    rep movsb               ; move ds:si -> es:di
+    mov ax, di              ; return pointer to dest
+.restore_segments:
+    pop es
+    pop ds
+.endf:
+    __CDECL16_PROC_EXIT
+    ret
+
+%define __INC_KMEMCPY5_FUNC
+%endif

include/util/kmemset4_func.nasm

@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+; Copyright (C) 2025 Elaina Claus
+; 
+;     This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+;     it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+;     the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+;     (at your option) any later version.
+; 
+;     This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+;     but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+;     MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+;     GNU General Public License for more details.
+; 
+;     You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+;     along with this program.  If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+%ifndef __INC_KMEMSET4_FUNC
+%include 'cdecl16.inc'
+
+; word kmemset_byte(word segment, word dst, byte val, word len);
+ALIGN 4, db 0x90
+kmemset4:
+    __CDECL16_PROC_ENTRY
+.setup_segment:
+    push es
+    mov ax, [bp + 4]
+    mov es, ax
+ .func:
+    mov     cx, [bp + 10]       ; size_t len
+    mov     al, [bp + 8]        ; uint8_t val
+    mov     di, [bp + 6]        ; word dst
+
+    cld
+    rep     stosb               ; move al -> es:di
+    mov     ax, di              ; return pointer to dest
+.restore_segments:
+    pop es
+.endf:
+    __CDECL16_PROC_EXIT
+    ret
+
+%endif
+%define __INC_KMEMSET4_FUNC

scripts/create-disk.sh

@@ -1,201 +1,176 @@
 #!/usr/bin/env bash
+set -euo pipefail
 
-# Copyright (c) 2023 Elaina Claus
-#
-# Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
-# of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
-# in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
-# to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
-# copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
-# furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
-#
-# The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
-# copies or substantial portions of the Software.
-#
-# THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
-# IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
-# FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
-# AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
-# LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
-# OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE
-# SOFTWARE.
+# Copyright (C) 2025 Elaina Claus
+# 
+#     This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+#     it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+#     the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+#     (at your option) any later version.
+# 
+#     This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+#     but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+#     MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+#     GNU General Public License for more details.
+# 
+#     You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+#     along with this program.  If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
 
-if ! [ $(id -u) = 0 ]; then
-   echo "Script must be run as root!"
-   exit 1
+if [ $(id -u) = 0 ]; then
+   echo "Script should not be run as root, it could break something!" >&2
 fi
 
-mbr_file=build/mbr.bin
-vbr_file=build/vbr.bin
-stage2_file=build/stage2.bin
-boottest_file=build/BOOT_386.bin
+# paths to bootcode
+mbr_file=build/mbr/mbr.bin
+vbr_file=build/vbr/vbr.bin
+stage2_file=build/stage2/stage2.bin
+boottest_file=build/miniboot32/BOOTi686.bin
 
-mount_point=/tmp/stevia_disk
+# Disk creation options
+disk_img=build/disk.img
+disk_img_final=build/output/disk.img.gz
 
-if ! [ -e disk.img ]; then
-    # create raw disk image with 128MiB of space
-    dd if=/dev/zero of=disk.img bs=512 count=262144
+part_img=build/part.img
+part_img_final=build/output/part.img.gz
+
+artifacts_archive=build/output/artifacts.tar.gz
+
+# $disk_sector_size * $disk_size = total bytes, default is 256MiB
+disk_sectors=(524288 * 2)
+disk_sector_size=512
+part_start=2048
+part_sectors=$((disk_sectors - part_start))
+
+#
+# Build sanity section
+#
+
+echo "*** Performing pre-build sanity checks ***"
+
+# Tools needed:
+#   sfdisk dosfstools (mkfs.fat), mtools (mcopy,mmd), gzip, dd, truncate, awk
+for t in mcopy mmd gzip dd truncate awk; do
+  command -v "$t" >/dev/null || { echo "Missing tool: $t" >&2; exit 1; }
+done
+
+# these are normally in the sbin paths so I've had issues detecting them with command -v
+SF=$(command -v sfdisk || echo /usr/sbin/sfdisk)
+MKFS=$(command -v mkfs.fat || echo /usr/sbin/mkfs.fat)
+
+[[ -x "$SF" ]] || { echo "sfdisk not found"; exit 1; }
+[[ -x "$MKFS" ]] || { echo "mkfs.fat not found"; exit 1; }
+
+# check that required build files exist
+for f in "$mbr_file" "$vbr_file" "$stage2_file" "$boottest_file"; do
+  [[ -f "$f" ]] || { echo "missing $f" >&2; exit 1; }
+done
+
+cat > /tmp/pt.sfdisk <<EOF
+label: dos
+unit: sectors
+sector-size: $disk_sector_size
+label-id: 0xa0b0c0d0
+
+start=$part_start, size=$((disk_sectors - part_start)), type=c, bootable
+EOF
+
+mtool_src=/tmp/mtools.conf
+cat > $mtool_src <<EOF
+drive c: file="$part_img"
+EOF
+
+#
+# Create disk images
+#
+
+echo "[1/7] Create disk.img and part.img"
+
+if ! [ -e "$disk_img" ]; then
+    # create raw disk image
+    if ! truncate -s $((disk_sectors * disk_sector_size)) "$disk_img"; then
+        echo "Failed creating blank disk image." >&2
+        exit 1
+    fi
     sync
 else
     echo "Removing old disk image..."
-    rm -rfv disk.img
-    dd if=/dev/zero of=disk.img bs=512 count=262144
+    rm -rfv "$disk_img"
+    if ! truncate -s $((disk_sectors * disk_sector_size)) "$disk_img"; then
+        echo "Failed creating blank disk image." >&2
+        exit 1
+    fi
     sync
 fi
 
+if ! [ -e "$part_img" ]; then
+    # create raw partition disk image
+    if ! truncate -s $((part_sectors * disk_sector_size)) "$part_img"; then
+        echo "Failed creating blank partition image." >&2
+        exit 1
+    fi
+    sync
+else
+    echo "Removing old (partition) disk image..."
+    rm -rfv "$part_img"
+    if ! truncate -s $((part_sectors * disk_sector_size)) "$part_img"; then
+        echo "Failed creating blank partition image." >&2
+        exit 1
+    fi
+    sync
+fi
+
+
 if [[ "$OSTYPE" == "linux-gnu"* ]]; then
-        if [ -e $mbr_file ] && [ -e $vbr_file ]; then
-        # get next loop device and mount it
-        ld=$(losetup -f)
-        losetup -b 512 $ld disk.img
+        echo "[2/7] Write DOS partition table (single FAT32 LBA @ 2048)"
+        "$SF" --no-reread "$disk_img" < /tmp/pt.sfdisk
 
-        # create a DOS disk, with 1 FAT32 partition that is bootable, part1 starts at sector 2048
-        sfdisk $ld < scripts/loop_setup.sfdisk
+        # BUG: the default disk img is 256MiB which mkfs.fat wants to create
+        #      a FAT16 FS by default. it needs to be at least 2GiB to to 'lock out'
+        #      FAT16 as an option. Force FAT32 here, might(?) break some things.
+        echo "[3/7] Make FAT filesystem in partition image"
+        "$MKFS" -F32 -v -n 'STEVIAFS' "$part_img"
 
-        # partprobe the image
-        partprobe $ld
+        echo "[4/7] Patch VBR inside partition image (preserve BPB)"
 
-        # get first partition
-        firstpart=$(lsblk -ilp -o NAME $ld | tr '\n' ' ' | awk '{print $3}')
-        mkfs.vfat -v -F32 $firstpart
-
-        # copy MBR while preserving partition table
-        dd if=$mbr_file of=$ld bs=1 count=440
-        # copy MBR 0xAA55
-        dd if=$mbr_file of=$ld bs=1 seek=510 skip=510 count=2
-
-        # copy VBR to partition 1 while preserving partition information
         # copy jmp short entry; nop
-        dd if=$vbr_file of=$firstpart bs=1 count=3
+        dd if=$vbr_file of="$part_img" bs=1 count=3 conv=notrunc
         # copy bootcode
-        dd if=$vbr_file of=$firstpart bs=1 seek=90 skip=90 count=420
-        # copy 0xAA55
-        dd if=$vbr_file of=$firstpart bs=1 seek=510 skip=510 count=2
+        dd if=$vbr_file of="$part_img" bs=1 seek=90 skip=90 count=420 conv=notrunc
+        # copy signature (should be 0xAA55)
+        dd if=$vbr_file of="$part_img" bs=1 seek=510 skip=510 count=2 conv=notrunc
 
-        #stage2 to sectors 1-64
-        dd if=$stage2_file of=$ld bs=512 seek=1
+        # copy backup VBR within the created partition image
+        # Linux dosfstools will complain (read: not work) unless this is done it seems
+        # HACK: sector 6 is the **default** location of the BPB_BkBootSec, it **can** be different.
+        dd if="$part_img" of="$part_img" bs=$disk_sector_size count=1 seek=6 conv=notrunc
 
-        # copy boot32 boot test file to disk image
-        if ! [ -e $mount_point ]; then
-            mkdir $mount_point
-        fi
-        mount $firstpart $mount_point
+        echo "[5/7] Copy boot payload to FAT32 filesystem using mtools as BOOT.BIN"
+        MTOOLSRC="$mtool_src" mcopy "$boottest_file" C:BOOT.BIN
+        MTOOLSRC="$mtool_src" mdir C:
 
-        if [ -e $boottest_file ]; then
-            cp -v $boottest_file $mount_point
-        else
-            echo "unable to find boot32.bin!"
-            exit 3
-        fi
+        echo "[6/7] Patch MBR and install stage2 loader to disk image"
+        # patch MBR+signature while preserving partition table
+        dd if="$mbr_file" of="$disk_img" bs=1 count=440 conv=notrunc
+        dd if="$mbr_file" of="$disk_img" bs=1 seek=510 skip=510 count=2 conv=notrunc
 
-        # detach loop device
-        umount $mount_point
-        sync
-        losetup -d $ld
+        # copy stage2 to absolute LBA 1
+        dd if="$stage2_file" of="$disk_img" bs=$disk_sector_size seek=1 conv=notrunc
 
-        # chown to the real user to prevent issues with reading/writing the file later
-        SUDOUSER=$(logname)
-        chown --from=root:root ${SUDOUSER}:$(id $SUDOUSER -g) disk.img
+        echo "[7/7] Assembling final disk image"
+        # place partition at it's place in the disk image
+        dd if="$part_img" of="$disk_img" bs=$disk_sector_size seek=$part_start conv=notrunc
 
-    else
-        echo "unable to find MBR/VBR binaries!"
-        exit 2
-    fi
-# requires util-linux from homebrew
-elif [[ "$OSTYPE" == "darwin"* ]]; then
-        sfdisk_path="/usr/local/opt/util-linux/sbin/sfdisk"
-        if [ -e $mbr_file ] && [ -e $vbr_file ]; then
-        # use hdiutil to attach our empty disk image
-        ld_path_raw=$(hdiutil attach -readwrite -imagekey diskimage-class=CRawDiskImage -nomount -blocksize 512 -noverify disk.img)
-        ld=$(echo $ld_path_raw | sed s:/dev/::)
-        ld_path="/dev/$ld"
-
-        # create a DOS disk, with 1 FAT32 partition
-        if ! [ -e $sfdisk_path ]; then
-            echo "sfdisk utility was not found...We cannot use diskutil to make disks due to the fact that it only makes Hybrid MBR's & GPT disks...blame Apple"
-            exit 4
-        else
-            $sfdisk_path $ld_path < scripts/loop_setup.sfdisk
-        fi
-
-        # give stuff a chance to settle, macOS has problems here
-        sync
-        sleep .5
-
-        # reattch the raw image file since macOS doesn't have a partprobe...
-        # this is the only way I know to get macOS to reprobe the disk
-        hdiutil eject $ld
-        unset ld_path
-        unset ld
-        unset ld_path_raw
-
-        ld_path_raw=$(hdiutil attach -readwrite -imagekey diskimage-class=CRawDiskImage -nomount -blocksize 512 -noverify disk.img)
-        ld=$(echo $ld_path_raw | grep "FDisk_partition_scheme" | awk '{print $1}' | sed s:/dev/::)
-        ld_path="/dev/$ld"
-
-        if ! [ -b /dev/$ld ]; then
-            echo "Unable to remount disk! exitting before I do some damage!"
-            exit 5
-        fi
-
-        # get first partition and format as FAT32
-        firstpart=$(diskutil list $ld | grep 1: | awk '{print $6}')
-        firstpart_direct="r$firstpart"
-
-        newfs_msdos -F 32 /dev/$firstpart_direct
-        sync
+        echo " *** Outputing disk images will be in ./build/output/* *** "
         
-        # copy MBR while preserving partition table
-        dd if=$mbr_file of=$ld_path bs=1 count=440 conv=sync
-        # copy MBR 0xAA55
-        dd if=$mbr_file of=$ld_path bs=1 seek=510 skip=510 count=2 conv=sync
-
-        # copy VBR to partition 1 while preserving partition information
-        # copy jmp short entry; nop
-        dd if=$vbr_file of=/dev/$firstpart bs=1 count=3 conv=sync
-        # copy bootcode
-        dd if=$vbr_file of=/dev/$firstpart bs=1 seek=90 skip=90 count=420 conv=sync
-        # copy 0xAA55
-        dd if=$vbr_file of=/dev/$firstpart bs=1 seek=510 skip=510 count=2 conv=sync
-
-        #stage2 to sectors 1-64
-        dd if=$stage2_file of=$ld_path bs=512 seek=1 conv=sync
-
-        #sync pending dd stuff
-        sync
-
-        # copy boot32 boot test file to disk image
-        if ! [ -e $mount_point ]; then
-            mkdir $mount_point
-        else
-            echo "$mount_point exists! clearing contents..."
-            rm -rfv $mount_point
-            mkdir $mount_point
+        if [ ! -d ./build/output ]; then
+            echo "./build/output does not exist. creating"
+            mkdir -p ./build/output
         fi
-        mount -t msdos /dev/$firstpart $mount_point
-
-        if [ -e $boottest_file ]; then
-            cp -v $boottest_file $mount_point
-        else
-            echo "unable to find boot32.bin!"
-            exit 3
-        fi
-
-        # detach loop device
-        sync
-        umount /dev/$firstpart
-        hdiutil eject $ld
-
-        # chown to the real user to prevent issues with reading/writing the file later
-        SUDOUSER=$(logname)
-        chown ${SUDOUSER}:staff disk.img
-
-    else
-        echo "unable to find MBR/VBR binaries!"
-        exit 2
-    fi
+        gzip -9c "$disk_img" > "$disk_img_final"
+        gzip -9c "$part_img" > "$part_img_final"
+        tar caf "$artifacts_archive" --exclude ./build/output ./build/ 
 else
         # Unknown.
-        echo "Unknown OS type! Supported build hosts systems are GNU/Linux (WSL) and macOS."
+        echo "Unknown OS type! Supported build hosts systems are GNU/Linux (& WSL)"
         exit 1
 fi

scripts/loop_setup.sfdisk

@@ -1,4 +0,0 @@
-label: dos
-unit: sectors
-
-start=        2048, type=b, bootable

src/mbr/mbr.nasm

@@ -0,0 +1,202 @@
+; Copyright (C) 2025 Elaina Claus
+; 
+;     This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+;     it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+;     the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+;     (at your option) any later version.
+; 
+;     This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+;     but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+;     MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+;     GNU General Public License for more details.
+; 
+;     You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+;     along with this program.  If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+[BITS 16]
+[ORG 0x8C00]
+[CPU KATMAI]
+[WARNING -reloc-abs-byte]
+[WARNING -reloc-abs-word]                   ; Yes, we use absolute addresses. surpress these warnings.
+[map all build/mbr.map]
+%define __STEVIA_MBR
+jmp short (init - $$)
+nop
+
+; ###############
+; Headers/Includes/Definitions
+; ###############
+
+%include "util/bochs_magic.inc"
+%include "cdecl16.inc"
+%include "entry.inc"
+%include "config.inc"
+%include "error_codes.inc"
+%include "partition_table.inc"
+%include "fat32/fat32_structures.inc"
+
+%undef __STEVIA_DEV_DEBUG
+
+ALIGN 4
+init:
+    cli                             ; We do not want to be interrupted
+    xor ax, ax                      
+    mov ds, ax                      ; Set segment registers to 0x0000
+    mov es, ax
+    mov fs, ax
+    mov gs, ax
+
+    mov ss, ax                      ; Set Stack Segment to 0
+    mov sp, end_bss                 ; Setup stack
+    mov bp, sp                      ; base ptr = stack ptr
+    
+    ; Zero BSS section
+    mov cx, (end_bss - begin_bss)     ; count = bss length                    
+    mov ax, begin_bss
+    mov di, ax                        ; es:di is dest
+    xor ax, ax
+    cld
+    rep stosb                         ; zero bss section
+
+    sub sp, 0x20                    ; local varible space (32 bytes)
+    push bp                         ; setup top of stack frame
+
+    xor cx, cx
+    mov ch, 0x02                    ; 0x0200 in cx
+    mov si, 0x7C00                  ; Current MBR Address (loaded here by BIOS)
+    mov di, MBR_ENTRY               ; New MBR Address (our new relocation address)
+    rep movsb                       ; copy 512 bytes from 0x0000:7c00 to 0x0000:MBR_ENTRY (7A00 as of writing)
+
+    sti
+
+    jmp 0:main
+
+; ###############
+; Extra/Shared Functions
+; ###############
+
+%include "util/kmem_func.nasm"
+%include "util/error_func.nasm"
+
+;
+; bp - 2 : uint8_t boot_drive
+; bp - 4 : uint16_t part_offset
+ALIGN 4, db 0x90
+main:
+    mov byte [bp - 2], dl            ; BIOS passes drive number in DL
+
+    .check_disk:
+        cmp byte [bp - 2], 0x80
+        jae main.check_extentions
+
+        ERROR MBR_ERROR_DISK_T_ERR
+
+    .check_extentions:
+        xor ax, ax
+        mov ah, 0x41
+        mov bx, 0x55AA
+        mov dl, 0x80
+
+        clc
+        int 0x13
+        jnc main.find_active
+        ERROR MBR_ERROR_NO_INT32E                         ; no extended function support
+
+    .find_active:
+        mov bx, PartEntry1                      ; base = first partition
+        mov cx, 4                               ; there are only 4 entries
+    .find_active_L0:
+        mov al, byte [bx + PartEntry_t.attributes]
+        test al, 0x80                           ; 0x80 == 1000_0000b
+        jnz main.active_found
+        add bx, 0x10                            ; add 16 bytes to offset
+        loop main.find_active_L0
+
+        ERROR MBR_ERROR_NO_NO_BOOT_PART
+
+    .active_found:
+        mov ax, bx
+        sub ax, DiskSig                         ; leaves us with the offset relative from start of table
+                                                ; this gives us an offset from the begining of the partition table
+        mov word [bp - 4], ax                   ; update part_offset
+    .read_data:
+        movzx ax, byte [bp - 2]
+        push ax                                            ; drive_num
+
+        mov ax, 0x1
+        push ax                                            ; count
+
+        mov dword eax, dword [bx + PartEntry_t.lba_start]
+        push dword eax                                     ; lba
+
+        mov ax, VBR_ENTRY
+        push ax                                            ; offset = 0x7c00
+
+        xor ax, ax
+        push ax                                            ; segment = 0
+
+        ; uint8_t read_stage2_raw(uint16_t buf_segment, uint16_t buf_offset, 
+        ;                         uint32_t lba,
+        ;                         uint16_t count, uint16_t drive_num)
+        call read_disk_raw
+        add sp, 0xC
+    .goto_vbr:
+        cmp word [VBR_ENTRY + 0x1FE], 0xAA55
+        je main.sig_ok
+        ERROR MBR_ERROR_NO_VBR_SIG                        ; no signature present
+    .sig_ok:
+        mov ax, PartTable_t_size                
+        push ax
+        mov ax, DiskSig                         ; start of partition table
+        push ax
+        mov ax, partition_table                 
+        push ax
+        call kmemcpy                            ; copy partition table to bss
+        add sp, 0x6
+        
+        mov si, word [bp - 4]
+        mov dl, byte [bp - 2]
+        mov bx, partition_table
+        jmp word 0x0000:VBR_ENTRY
+
+; ###############
+;
+; BIOS Functions
+;
+; ###############
+
+%include 'BIOS/func/ext_read.nasm'
+
+%assign bytes_remaining (440 - ($ - $$))
+%warning MBR has bytes_remaining bytes remaining for code (MAX: 440 bytes)
+times ((512 - 72) - ($ - $$)) nop     ; Fill the rest of sector with nop
+
+DiskSig:
+    times 4 db 0x00
+Reserved:
+    dw 0x0000
+PartEntry1:
+    times 16 db 0x00
+PartEntry2:
+    times 16 db 0x00
+PartEntry3:
+    times 16 db 0x00
+PartEntry4:
+    times 16 db 0x00
+BootSig:
+    dw 0xAA55                    ; Add boot signature at the end of bootloader
+
+section .bss follows=.text
+begin_bss:
+
+align 16, resb 1
+partition_table resb PartTable_t_size
+
+align 16, resb 1
+lba_packet resb LBAPkt_t_size
+
+align 512, resb 1
+stack_bottom resb 512                  ; 512 byte stack early on
+stack_top:
+mbr_redzone resb 32
+end_bss:

src/mbr/mbr.s

@@ -1,244 +0,0 @@
-; Copyright (c) 2023 Elaina Claus
-;
-; Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
-; of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
-; in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
-; to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
-; copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
-; furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
-;
-; The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
-; copies or substantial portions of the Software.
-;
-; THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
-; IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
-; FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
-; AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
-; LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
-; OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE
-; SOFTWARE.
-
-[BITS 16]
-[ORG 0x7A00]
-[CPU KATMAI]
-jmp short init
-nop
-
-%include "entry.inc"
-init:
-    cli                             ; We do not want to be interrupted
-
-    xor ax, ax                      ; 0 AX
-    mov ds, ax                      ; Set segment registers to 0
-    mov es, ax                      ; *
-    
-    mov ss, ax                      ; Set Stack Segment to 0
-    mov sp, STACK_START             
-
-    mov ch, 0x01                    ; 256 WORDs in MBR (512 bytes), 0x0100 in cx
-    mov si, 0x7C00                  ; Current MBR Address (loaded here by BIOS)
-    mov di, MBR_ENTRY               ; New MBR Address (our new relocation address)
-    rep movsw                       ; copy 512 bytes from 0x0000:7c00 to 0x0000:0600
-
-    jmp 0:main
-    nop
-
-%include "config.inc"
-%include "memory.inc"
-%include "partition_table.inc"
-%include "errors.inc"
-
-main:
-    sti
-    mov [boot_drive], dl            ; BIOS passes drive number in DL
-
-    .check_disk:
-        cmp dl, 0x80
-        jae main.find_active
-        ERROR MBR_ERROR_DISK_T_ERR
-
-    .check_extentions:
-        xor ax, ax
-        mov bx, 0x55AA
-        mov dl, byte [boot_drive]
-        int 0x13
-        jnc main.find_active
-        ERROR MBR_ERROR_NO_INT32E                         ; no extended function support
-
-    .find_active:
-        mov bx, PartEntry1                      ; base = first partition
-        mov cx, 4                               ; there are only 4 entries
-    .find_active_L0:
-        mov al, byte [bx + PartEntry_t.attributes]
-        test al, 0x80                           ; 0x80 == 1000_0000b
-        jnz main.active_found
-
-        add bx, 0x10                            ; add 16 bytes to offset
-        loop main.find_active_L0
-        ERROR MBR_ERROR_NO_NO_BOOT_PART
-
-    .active_found:
-        mov ax, bx
-        sub ax, DiskSig                         ; leaves us with the offset relative from start of table
-                                                ; this gives us an offset from the begining of the partition table
-        mov word [part_offset], ax              ; update part_offset
-    .read_data:
-        push bp
-        mov bp, sp
-
-        ;uint8_t read_disk_raw(size_t count, uint16_t buf_segment, uint16_t buf_offset, 
-        ;                      uint16_t lower_lower_lba, uint16_t upper_lower_lba)
-        mov eax, dword [bx + PartEntry_t.lba_start]
-        ror eax, 16
-        push ax
-
-        ror eax, 16
-        push ax         
-
-        mov ax, VBR_ENTRY
-        push ax
-
-        xor ax, ax
-        push ax        ; segment = 0  
-
-        mov ax, 1
-        push ax
-
-        call read_disk_raw
-        leave
-
-        jnc main.goto_vbr
-        ERROR MBR_ERROR_DISK_READ_ERR                     ; error in LBA read
-    .goto_vbr:
-        cmp word [VBR_ENTRY + 0x1FE], 0xAA55
-        je main.sig_ok
-        ERROR MBR_ERROR_NO_VBR_SIG                        ; no signature present
-    
-    .sig_ok:
-        push bp
-        mov bp, sp
-
-        mov ax, partition_table_SIZE            ; 72 bytes of data
-        push ax
-        mov ax, DiskSig                         ; start of partition table
-        push ax
-        mov ax, partition_table                 ; defined in memory.inc
-        push ax
-        call kmemcpy                            ; copy partition table to memory
-        leave
-
-        xor ah, ah                              ; Set Video mode BIOS function
-        mov al, 0x02                            ; 16 color 80x25 Text mode
-        int 0x10                                ; Call video interrupt
-
-        mov ah, 0x05                            ; Select active display page BIOS function
-        xor al, al                              ; page 0
-        int 0x10                                ; call video interrupt
-
-        mov si, word [part_offset]
-        mov dl, byte [boot_drive]
-        jmp 0:0x7C00
-
-; Wrapper for AH=0x42 INT13h (Extended Read)
-;
-; BIOS call details
-; AH = 42h
-; DL = drive number
-; DS:SI -> disk address packet
-;
-; Return:
-; CF clear if successful
-; AH = 00h
-; CF set on error
-; AH = error code
-; disk address packet's block count field set to number of blocks
-; successfully transferred
-;
-;
-; uint8_t read_disk_raw(uint16_t buf_segment, uint16_t buf_offset, uint16_t lower_lower_lba, uint16_t upper_lower_lba)
-; bp-0 = call frame
-; bp-2 = upper_lower_lba
-; bp-4 = lower_lower_lba
-; bp-6 = offset
-; bp-8 = segment
-; bp-10 = count
-; bp-12 = ret ptr
-read_disk_raw:
-    push si
-
-    ; uint8_t* kmemset(void* dest, uint8_t val, size_t len);                      
-    push bp
-    mov bp, sp
-
-    mov ax, 0x10
-    push ax             ; len = 16 bytes
-    xor ax, ax
-    push ax             ; val = 0
-    mov ax, lba_packet
-    push ax             ; dest = lba_packet address
-
-    call kmemset
-    leave
-
-    mov byte [lba_packet + LBAPkt_t.size], 0x10
-    mov word [lba_packet + LBAPkt_t.xfer_size], STAGE2_SECTOR_COUNT
-
-    mov ax, [bp-2]
-    shl eax, 16
-    mov ax, [bp-4]
-    mov dword [lba_packet + LBAPkt_t.lower_lba], eax
-
-    mov ax, [bp-6]
-    mov word [lba_packet + LBAPkt_t.offset], ax
-
-    mov ax, [bp-8]
-    mov word [lba_packet + LBAPkt_t.segment], ax
-
-    mov si, lba_packet
-    mov ah, 0x42
-    mov dl, byte [boot_drive]
-    int 0x13
-    jnc read_disk_raw.endf
-
-    mov al, 'B'
-    jmp error
-.endf:
-    pop si
-    ret
-
-; #############
-;
-; Locals
-;
-; #############
-
-boot_drive:
-    db 0x00
-mbr_reserved1:
-    db 0x00
-
-; OFFSET from BEGINING of partition table, ie. DiskSig (-6 from PartEntry1)
-part_offset:
-    dw 0x0000
-
-%assign bytes_remaining (440 - ($ - $$))
-%warning MBR has bytes_remaining bytes remaining for code (MAX: 440 bytes)
-times ((512 - 72) - ($ - $$)) nop     ; Fill the rest of sector with nop
-
-DiskSig:
-    times 4 db 0x00
-Reserved1:
-    db 0x00
-Reserved2:
-    db 0x00
-
-PartEntry1:
-    times 16 db 0x00
-PartEntry2:
-    times 16 db 0x00
-PartEntry3:
-    times 16 db 0x00
-PartEntry4:
-    times 16 db 0x00
-BootSig:
-    dw 0xAA55                    ; Add boot signature at the end of bootloader

src/miniboot32/BOOT_386.s

@@ -1,559 +0,0 @@
-; Copyright (c) 2023 Elaina Claus
-;
-; Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
-; of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
-; in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
-; to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
-; copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
-; furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
-;
-; The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
-; copies or substantial portions of the Software.
-;
-; THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
-; IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
-; FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
-; AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
-; LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
-; OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE
-; SOFTWARE.
-
-[BITS 32]
-[ORG 0x100000]
-[CPU KATMAI]
-
-jmp short start32
-nop
-
-; Unless noted otherwise, functions will be the standard x86 cdecl used in GCC
-
-; In cdecl, subroutine arguments are passed on the stack. 
-; Integer values and memory addresses are returned in the EAX register,
-; floating point values in the ST0 x87 register. 
-; Registers EAX, ECX, and EDX are caller-saved, 
-; and the rest are callee-saved. 
-; The x87 floating point registers ST0 to ST7 must be empty (popped or freed) 
-; when calling a new function, and ST1 to ST7 must be empty on exiting a function. 
-; ST0 must also be empty when not used for returning a value. 
-;
-;   EXAMPLE: to call uint8_t* kmemset(uint8_t* dest, uint8_t val, uint8_t size);
-;               => kmemset(*((char*) 0xb8000), 'F', (80*25))
-;
-;   push ebp                ; save old call frame pointer  
-;   mov ebp, esp            ; new call frame pointer
-;   push 0x000007D0         ; push args RTL, EBP - 4
-;   push 'F'                ; *              EBP - 8
-;   push 0x000b8000         ; *              EBP - 12
-;   call kmemset            ; call function, this also places a return pointer on stack
-;   add esp, 12             ; remove call arguments from stack frame
-;   mov esp, ebp            ; restore stack frame pointer (callee saves EBP)
-;   pop ebp                 ; restore call frame pointer
-;
-;
-
-; 33 bytes BPB + 26 Byte EBPB
-struc BPBStruct
-    .OemName        resb 8
-    .BytesPerSect   resw 1
-    .SecsPerClust   resb 1
-    .ResSectors     resw 1
-    .FATs           resb 1
-    .RootDirEnts    resw 1
-    .Sectors        resw 1
-    .Media          resb 1
-    .SectPerFAT     resw 1
-    .SectPerTrack   resw 1
-    .Heads          resw 1
-    .Hidden         resd 1
-    .SectorHuge     resd 1
-    ; begin EBPB
-    .DriveNumber    resb 1
-    .NTReserved     resb 1
-    .Signature      resb 1
-    .VolumeID       resd 1
-    .VolumeLabel    resb 11
-    .SysIdent       resb 8
-endstruc
-
-; 12 bytes
-struc FSInfoStruct
-    .first_root_dir_sector resw 1
-    .last_root_dir_sector  resw 1
-    .root_dir_len          resw 1
-    .first_data_sector     resw 1
-    .active_cluster        resw 1
-    .active_FAT_cluster    resw 1
-endstruc
-
-; 20 bytes
-struc KInfoStruct
-    .load_address          resd 1
-    .file_len              resd 1
-    .file_name             resb 8
-    .file_ext              resb 3
-    .reserved1             resb 1
-endstruc
-
-; Address Range Descriptor Structure
-;
-; Offset in Bytes		Name		Description
-;	0	    BaseAddrLow		u32 - Low 32 Bits of Base Address
-;	4	    BaseAddrHigh	u32 - High 32 Bits of Base Address
-;	8	    LengthLow		u32 - Low 32 Bits of Length in Bytes
-;	12	    LengthHigh		u32 - High 32 Bits of Length in Bytes
-;	16	    Type		    u32 - Address type of  this range.
-;   20      ExtType         u32 -  ACPI 3.0 extended type
-struc AddressRangeDescStruct
-    .BaseAddrLow    resd 1
-    .BaseAddrHigh   resd 1
-    .LengthLow      resd 1
-    .LengthHigh     resd 1
-    .Type           resd 1
-    .ExtType        resd 1
-endstruc
-
-; 20 bytes, passed to loaded kernel
-struc CBootInfoStruct
-    .MemoryMapPtr      resd 1
-    .MemoryMapEntries  resd 1
-    .BPBDataPtr        resd 1
-    .FSInfoPtr         resd 1
-    .KInfoPtr          resd 1
-endstruc
-
-;;;
-; Errors
-;   0 = unused
-;   1 = No CPUID support on this platform (VM or some very old hardware?)
-;   2 = magic signature not found at end of file
-;   3 = Unexpected/unhandled artithmetic overflow/carry
-;;;
-
-%define MAX_BYTES (1024 * 8)
-
-%define VGA_BUF 0xb8000
-;black BG/Green FG
-%define TTY_COLOR 0x0200
-;black BG/Red FG
-%define TTY_ERR_CLR 0x0400
-;subtract 1 for max array values
-%define VGA_MAX_Y 25
-%define VGA_MAX_X 80
-
-; VGA memory is row-major => offset = (row * MAX_Colums) + colum
-; macro array is counted from 0,0 = 1,1 => 79,24 is the last usable space in a page
-%define VGA_OFFSET(x,y) (((y*VGA_MAX_X) + x)*2)
-
-start32:
-    mov ax, 0x10
-    mov ds, ax
-    mov es, ax
-    mov fs, ax
-    mov gs, ax
-    mov ss, ax          ; load data registers with 2nd GDT selector
-    mov esp, stack_top
-    mov ebp, esp
-
-; debugger hack because gdb doesn't like to switch register sizes
-; issue a set $eax = 1 to continue
-%ifdef DEBUG_HACK
-    mov eax, 0
-.gdb_hack:
-    test eax, eax
-    jz start32.gdb_hack
-%endif
-
-    mov eax, dword [BOOT_SIG]
-    cmp eax, 0xA0B0C0D0
-    jz start32.signature_present
-
-    mov al, "2"
-    call error
-
-
-.signature_present:
-    call check_cpuid
-
-    push ebp
-    mov ebp, esp
-    lea eax, [welcome_cstr]
-    push eax
-    call vga_puts
-    leave
-
-    push ebp
-    mov ebp, esp
-    lea eax, [version_cstr]
-    push eax
-    call vga_puts
-    leave
-
-    push ebp
-    mov ebp, esp
-    lea eax, [datetime_cstr]
-    push eax
-    call vga_puts
-    leave
-
-    mov eax, VGA_BUF
-    add eax, VGA_OFFSET(78, 24)
-    mov dword [eax], 0x2f4b2f4f
-    hlt
-
-; Early error printer. Prints 'ERR: X' where X is an error code in al
-error:
-    mov eax, VGA_BUF
-    add eax, VGA_OFFSET(73, 24)
-
-    mov dword [eax], 0x4f524f45
-    add eax, 0x2
-    mov dword [eax], 0x4f3a4f52
-    add eax, 0x2
-    mov dword [eax], 0x4f204f20
-    add eax, 0x2
-    mov byte  [eax], al
-    hlt
-
-check_cpuid:
-    ; flip cpuid id bit (bit 21) to check for cpuid support
-    
-    ; copy flags to eax via stack
-    pushfd
-    pop eax
-
-    mov ecx, eax        ; copy to ecx for compare
-
-    xor eax, 1 << 21    ; xor eax with the 21st bit set
-
-    push eax            ; push new flags and pop to flags register
-    popfd
-
-    pushfd
-    pop eax
-
-    cmp eax, ecx        ; can we change the bit?
-    je .no_cpuid
-    ret
-.no_cpuid:
-    mov al, "1"
-    call error
-
-; int vga_puts(char* str)
-;
-; INPUT: 
-;   str: C-Sytle string
-;
-; OUTPUT:
-;   EAX = characters printed
-;
-vga_puts:
-    ; prolog, EBP = SFP (Stack frame pointer), [EBP-4] = char* str
-    push edi
-    push esi
-    push ebx
-
-.get_str_len:
-    mov edi, [ebp - 4]
-
-    xor ecx, ecx        ; ECX = 0
-    not ecx             ; ECX = -1 == 0xFFFFFFFF
-    xor eax, eax        ; search for al = 0x0
-    cld
-    repne scasb         ; deincrement ecx while searching for al
-    not ecx             ; the inverse of a neg number = abs(x) - 1
-    dec ecx             ; ECX contains the length of the string - nul byte at end
-
-
-    mov edi, VGA_BUF    ; load dest index with VGA buffer + calculated offset
-    mov esi, [ebp -4]   ; load source index with src string
-
-    ; ECX = string length
-    ; ESI = source string to print
-    ; EDI = destination in the VGA buffer
-.print_char:
-    cmp ecx, 0x0
-    jle vga_puts.endf
-
-    cmp byte [vga_buf_pos_x], 80
-    je vga_puts.end_of_line
-
-    cmp byte [vga_buf_pos_y], 25
-    je vga_puts.scroll_up
-
-    cmp byte [esi], 0x20
-    jl vga_puts.special_character_switch
-
-    push ebp
-    mov ebp, esp
-
-    xor eax, eax
-    mov al, [vga_buf_pos_y]
-    push eax                ; vga_pos_y
-
-    xor eax, eax
-    mov al, [vga_buf_pos_x]
-    push eax                ; vga_pos_x
-
-    ; uint16_t vga_calc_offset(uint8_t vga_pos_x, uint8_t vga_pos_y)
-    call vga_calc_offset
-    leave
-
-    xor bx, bx
-    mov bl, byte [esi]
-    or bx, TTY_COLOR            ; create VGA character
-
-    mov [edi+eax], bx
-    inc esi
-    inc byte [vga_buf_pos_x]
-
-    
-    dec ecx
-    jmp vga_puts.print_char    ; loop until ECX == 0
-
-.end_of_line:
-    ; advance to next row
-    inc byte [vga_buf_pos_y]
-    mov byte [vga_buf_pos_x], 0
-    jmp vga_puts.print_char
-.scroll_up:
-    ; after 25 rows, move to next page (either swap pages [memcpy] or erase page 0)
-    mov byte [vga_buf_pos_x], 0
-    mov byte [vga_buf_pos_y], 0
-    
-    push ebp
-    mov ebp, esp
-
-    mov eax, 0x7D0
-    push eax        ; 1 VGA page = 0x7D0 elements
-
-    xor eax, eax
-    push eax        ; we want to blank the page with 0x0000
-
-    mov eax, VGA_BUF
-    push eax        ; load vga buffer base (0xb8000)
-
-    ; uint16_t* kmemset_word(void* dest, uint16_t val, size_t len);
-    call kmemset_byte
-    leave
-
-    jmp vga_puts.print_char
-
-.special_character_switch:
-
-    cmp byte[esi], 0xA
-    je vga_puts.handle_LF
-
-    cmp byte[esi], 0xD
-    je vga_puts.handle_CR
-
-; Default case
-.special_character_endp:
-    dec ecx
-    inc esi
-
-    jmp vga_puts.print_char
-
-.handle_LF:
-    ; advance to next row
-    inc byte [vga_buf_pos_y]
-    jmp vga_puts.special_character_endp
-
-.handle_CR:
-    mov byte [vga_buf_pos_x], 0
-    jmp vga_puts.special_character_endp
-
-
-.endf:
-    pop ebx
-    pop esi
-    pop edi
-
-    ret
-
-; short vga_get_xy(void)
-;
-; INPUT: 
-;
-; OUTPUT:
-;   EAX = xy_pos
-;      > x = xy_pos && 0xFF00
-;        y = xy_pos && 0x00FF
-;   2 MSB of EAX are 0.
-;
-vga_get_xy:
-.endf:
-    ret
-
-; void vga_set_xy(short xy_pos)
-;   xy_pos is a byte packed word (16bit value), MSB is x, LSB is y
-;       => x = xy_pos && 0xFF00
-;          y = xy_pos && 0x00FF
-;
-; INPUT: 
-;   xy_pos
-;
-; OUTPUT:
-;   NONE
-;
-vga_set_xy:
-.endf:
-    ret
-
-; uint16_t vga_calc_offset(uint8_t vga_pos_x, uint8_t vga_pos_y)
-; VGA_OFFSET(x,y) == (((y*VGA_MAX_X) + x)*2)
-vga_calc_offset:
-    xor eax, eax
-    xor edx, edx
-
-    mov edx, [ebp-4]
-    mov ax, VGA_MAX_X
-    mul dx              ; DX:AX contains (y*VGA_MAX_X)
-    jc vga_calc_offset.artithmetic_error
-
-    mov edx, [ebp-8]
-    add ax, dx
-    jc vga_calc_offset.artithmetic_error
-
-    mov dx, 0x02
-    mul dx              ; DX:AX contains (y*VGA_MAX_X) + x) * 2
-    jnc vga_calc_offset.endf
-
-.artithmetic_error:
-    mov al, '3'
-    call error
-
-.endf:
-    ; (e)AX contains the offset
-    ret
-
-; uint32_t* kmemset(void* dest, uint32_t val, size_t len);
-kmemset_dword:
-    push    edi             ; function uses edi, so save it.
-                            ; [ebp] = previous call frame
-    mov     ecx, [ebp - 4]  ; size_t len
-
-    mov     eax, [ebp - 8]  ; uint32_t val
-
-    mov     edi, [ebp - 12] ; void * ptr
-                            ; [ebp - 16] = return adress
-                            ; [ebp - 20] = saved EDI
-    rep     stosd 
-.endf:
-    mov     eax, [ebp - 12] ; return pointer to dest
-    pop     edi             ; restore edi
-    ret
-
-; uint16_t* kmemset(void* dest, uint16_t val, size_t len);
-kmemset_word:
-    push    edi             ; function uses edi, so save it.
-                            ; [ebp] = previous call frame
-    mov     ecx, [ebp - 4]  ; size_t len
-
-    mov     ax, [ebp - 8]   ; uint16_t val
-
-    mov     edi, [ebp - 12] ; void * ptr
-                            ; [ebp - 16] = return adress
-                            ; [ebp - 20] = saved EDI
-    rep     stosw 
-.endf:
-    mov     eax, [ebp - 12] ; return pointer to dest
-    pop     edi             ; restore edi
-    ret
-
-; uint8_t* kmemset(void* dest, uint8_t val, size_t len);
-kmemset_byte:
-    push    edi             ; function uses edi, so save it.
-                            ; [ebp] = previous call frame
-    mov     ecx, [ebp - 4]  ; size_t len
-
-    mov     al, [ebp - 8]   ; uint8_t val
-
-    mov     edi, [ebp - 12] ; void * ptr
-                            ; [ebp - 16] = return adress
-                            ; [ebp - 20] = saved EDI
-    rep     stosb 
-.endf:
-    mov     eax, [ebp - 12] ; return pointer to dest
-    pop     edi             ; restore edi
-    ret
-
-; uint32_t* kmemset(uint32_t* dest, uint32_t* src, size_t len);
-kmemcpy_dword:
-    push edi
-    push esi                ; edi, esi are callee save
-
-    mov edi, [ebp-12]       ; dest
-    mov esi, [ebp-8]        ; source
-    mov ecx, [ebp-4]        ; length
-
-    cld                     ; ensure we are incrementing
-    rep movsd
-
-.endf:
-    mov eax, [ebp-12]       ; return pointer to dest
-    pop esi
-    pop edi
-    ret
-
-; uint16_t* kmemset(uint16_t* dest, uint16_t* src, size_t len);
-kmemcpy_word:
-    push edi
-    push esi                ; edi, esi are callee save
-
-    mov edi, [ebp-12]       ; dest
-    mov esi, [ebp-8]        ; source
-    mov ecx, [ebp-4]        ; length
-
-    cld                     ; ensure we are incrementing
-    rep movsw
-
-.endf:
-    mov eax, [ebp-12]       ; return pointer to dest
-    pop esi
-    pop edi
-    ret
-
-; uint8_t* kmemset(uint8_t* dest, uint8_t* src, size_t len);
-; not overlap safe
-kmemcpy_byte:
-    push edi
-    push esi                ; edi, esi are callee save
-
-    mov edi, [ebp-12]       ; dest
-    mov esi, [ebp-8]        ; source
-    mov ecx, [ebp-4]        ; length
-
-    cld                     ; ensure we are incrementing
-    rep movsb
-
-.endf:
-    mov eax, [ebp-12]       ; return pointer to dest
-    pop esi
-    pop edi
-    ret
-
-; Static Values
-vga_buf_pos_x:
-    db 0x00
-vga_buf_pos_y:
-    db 0x00
-
-; Strings
-%define StrCRLF_NUL 0Dh, 0Ah, 00h
-welcome_cstr:
-    db 'CBoot Stage3', StrCRLF_NUL
-version_cstr:
-    db 'CBoot v0.0.3 ', 'NASM - ', __NASM_VER__, StrCRLF_NUL
-datetime_cstr:
-    db 'Assembled - ', __DATE__, ' ', __TIME__, StrCRLF_NUL
-
-ALIGN 16, db 0
-stack_bottom:
-    times (512 * 8) db 0x00       ; 4KiB stack
-stack_top:
-
-%assign bytes_remaining ((MAX_BYTES - 4) - ($ - $$))
-%warning boot32 has bytes_remaining bytes remaining for code (MAX: MMAX_BYTES)
-
-times ((MAX_BYTES - 4) - ($ - $$)) db 0xFE
-BOOT_SIG: dd 0xA0B0C0D0

src/miniboot32/BOOTi686.nasm

@@ -0,0 +1,94 @@
+; Copyright (C) 2025 Elaina Claus
+; 
+;     This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+;     it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+;     the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+;     (at your option) any later version.
+; 
+;     This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+;     but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+;     MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+;     GNU General Public License for more details.
+; 
+;     You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+;     along with this program.  If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+[BITS 32]
+[ORG 0x100000]
+[CPU KATMAI]
+jmp short (init32 - $$)         ; PI jump
+nop
+
+;;;
+; Errors
+;   0 = unused
+;   E = General Error
+;   S = magic signature not found at end of file
+;   O = OK
+;;;
+
+%define MAX_BYTES (1024 * 8)
+%define VGA_BUF 0xb8000
+
+; VGA memory is row-major => offset = (row * MAX_Colums) + colum
+; macro array is counted from 0,0 = 1,1 => 79,24 is the last usable space in a page
+%define VGA_OFFSET(x,y) (((y*VGA_MAX_X) + x)*2)
+;subtract 1 for max array values
+%define VGA_MAX_Y 25
+%define VGA_MAX_X 80
+
+ALIGN 16, db 0
+init32:
+    mov ax, 0x10        ; 0x10 selector segment
+    mov ds, ax
+    mov es, ax
+    mov fs, ax
+    mov gs, ax
+    mov ss, ax          ; load data registers with 2nd GDT selector
+    mov esp, stack_top
+    mov ebp, esp
+
+    mov eax, dword [BOOT_SIG]
+    cmp eax, 0xA0B0C0D0
+    jz .signature_present
+
+    mov dl, "S"
+    jmp .result
+.signature_present:
+    mov dl, "O"
+.result:
+    mov eax, VGA_BUF
+    add eax, VGA_OFFSET(73, 24)
+    
+    mov dword [eax], 0x1f451f52
+    add eax, 0x4
+    mov dword [eax], 0x1f3e1f53
+    add eax, 0x4
+    ; RES> in white-on-blue
+
+    mov ecx, 0x1f201f20
+    and cl, dl                          ; 0x1f201f(dl)
+    ror ecx, 16                         ; 0x1f(dl)1f20 = ' (dl)'
+    mov dword [eax], ecx                ; should be a space and contents of dl
+.endp:
+    hlt
+    jmp .endp - $$
+
+; Strings
+ALIGN 16, db 0
+%define StrCRLF_NUL 0Dh, 0Ah, 00h
+version_cstr:
+    db 'CBoot v0.0.3 ', 'NASM - ', __NASM_VER__, StrCRLF_NUL
+datetime_cstr:
+    db 'Assembled - ', __DATE__, ' ', __TIME__, StrCRLF_NUL
+
+ALIGN 16, db 0
+stack_bottom:
+    times (512 * 8) db 0x00       ; 4KiB stack
+stack_top:
+
+%assign bytes_remaining ((MAX_BYTES - 4) - ($ - $$))
+%warning boot32 has bytes_remaining bytes remaining for code (MAX: MMAX_BYTES)
+
+times ((MAX_BYTES - 4) - ($ - $$)) db 0xFE
+BOOT_SIG: dd 0xA0B0C0D0

src/stage2/stage2.nasm

@@ -0,0 +1,503 @@
+; Copyright (C) 2025 Elaina Claus
+; 
+;     This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+;     it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+;     the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+;     (at your option) any later version.
+; 
+;     This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+;     but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+;     MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+;     GNU General Public License for more details.
+; 
+;     You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+;     along with this program.  If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+[BITS 16]
+[ORG 0x0500]                            ; IF YOU CHANGE ORG CHANGE THE SIGN OFFSET AT THE END
+[CPU 686]
+[map all build/stage2.map]
+[WARNING -reloc-abs-byte]
+[WARNING -reloc-abs-word]
+[WARNING -reloc-abs-dword]              ; Yes, we use absolute addresses. surpress these warnings.
+%define __STEVIA_STAGE2
+%define __STAGE2_SEGMENT 0x0000
+
+; ###############
+; Headers/Includes/Definitions
+; ###############
+
+%include "util/bochs_magic.inc"
+%include "cdecl16.inc"
+%include "entry.inc"
+%include "config.inc"
+%include "early_mem.inc"
+%include "error_codes.inc"
+
+section .text
+begin_text:
+; dl = byte boot_drive
+; ax = word part_offset (active partition offset)
+; si = ptr PartTable_t partition_table
+; di = ptr FAT32_bpb_t fat32_bpb
+ALIGN 4, db 0x90
+init:
+    cli                               ; We do not want to be interrupted
+
+    ; these 4 are stored in the .data section and are effectivly const types
+    mov [vbr_part_table_ptr], si             ; pointer to partition_table
+    mov [vbr_fat32_bpb_ptr], di              ; pointer to fat32_bpb
+    mov [boot_drive], dl                     ; copy boot_drive to globals
+    mov [partition_offset], ax               ; copy partition_offset to globals
+
+    mov ax, __STAGE2_SEGMENT          ; set all our segments to the configured segment, except es
+    mov ds, ax                        ; *
+    mov fs, ax                        ; *
+    mov gs, ax                        ; *
+    mov ss, ax
+    
+    ; Zero BSS section
+    mov cx, (end_bss - begin_bss)     ; count = bss length
+
+    mov ax, begin_bss
+    shr ax, 4
+    mov es, ax                        ; es = begining of bss section, remember to restore ES later
+
+    xor ax, ax                        ; val = 0
+    mov di, ax                        ; dst = 0 (start of segment)
+    cld
+    rep stosb 
+
+    mov ax, __STAGE2_SEGMENT
+    mov es, ax  
+    ; done zeroing bss section
+
+    mov sp, stack_top
+    mov bp, sp
+    sub sp, 0x10
+    push bp                           ; setup a somewhat normal stack frame, minus a ret ptr
+
+    sti
+    jmp word __STAGE2_SEGMENT:main
+
+; ###############
+; Core Functions
+; ###############
+
+%include "util/kmem_func.nasm"
+%include "util/kmemcpy5_func.nasm"
+%include "util/kmemset4_func.nasm"
+%include "util/error_func.nasm"
+
+; ###############
+; Functions
+; ###############
+%include "util/arena_alloc.nasm"
+
+; ###############
+; FAT32 Driver
+; ###############
+
+%include 'fat32/FAT32_SYS.inc'
+
+; ###############
+; BIOS functions
+; ###############
+
+%include 'BIOS/BIOS_SYS.inc'
+
+; structures
+
+struc SteviaInfoStruct_t
+    .MemoryMapPtr      resd 1
+    .MemoryMapEntries  resd 1
+endstruc
+
+struc EarlyBootStruct_t
+    .partition_table resb PartTable_t_size
+    .fat32_bpb       resb FAT32_bpb_t_size
+    .fat32_ebpb      resb FAT32_ebpb_t_size
+endstruc
+
+ALIGN 4, db 0x90
+main:
+    __BOCHS_MAGIC_DEBUG
+.check_sig:
+    mov eax, dword [STAGE2_SIG]
+    cmp eax, 0xDEADBEEF
+    je main.stage2_main
+    ERROR STAGE2_SIGNATURE_MISSING
+.stage2_main:
+    ; copy partition table data to .data section in stage2
+    __CDECL16_CALL_ARGS partition_table, word [vbr_part_table_ptr], PartTable_t_size
+    __CDECL16_CALL kmemcpy, 3
+
+    ; copy bpb & ebpb to memory
+    __CDECL16_CALL_ARGS fat32_bpb, word [vbr_fat32_bpb_ptr], (FAT32_bpb_t_size + FAT32_ebpb_t_size) 
+    __CDECL16_CALL kmemcpy, 3
+
+    call SetTextMode
+    call disable_cursor_bios
+
+    __CDECL16_CALL_ARGS HelloPrompt_info
+    __CDECL16_CALL PrintString, 1
+
+    ; setup the early heap
+    __CDECL16_CALL_ARGS early_heap_state
+    
+    ; enable A20 gate
+    call EnableA20
+    __CDECL16_CALL_ARGS A20_Enabled_OK_info
+    __CDECL16_CALL PrintString, 1
+
+    ; get system memory map
+    call GetMemoryMap
+    __CDECL16_CALL_ARGS MemoryMap_OK_info
+    __CDECL16_CALL PrintString, 1
+
+    ; enter unreal mode (enter PM w/ 16 bit code, 32 bit flat memory model & return to real)
+    ; ds, es will be set to the 64KiB STAGE2_SEGMENT, fs/gs will be flat/huge memory (4GiB)
+    ; use __REFLAT macros to re-flat ds/es for easy transfers to >1MiB
+    ; NOTE: if you modify a segment register you will need to re-unreal it
+    call EnterUnrealMode
+    __CDECL16_CALL_ARGS UnrealMode_OK_info
+    __CDECL16_CALL PrintString, 1
+
+    ; FAT Driver setup
+    call InitFATDriver
+    __CDECL16_CALL_ARGS InitFATSYS_OK_info
+    __CDECL16_CALL PrintString, 1
+
+    ;
+    ; Find first cluster of bootable file
+    call SearchFATDIR
+    push dword eax      ; save first cluster of bootable file
+
+    __CDECL16_CALL_ARGS FileFound_OK_info
+    __CDECL16_CALL PrintString, 1
+
+    pop dword eax
+    push dword eax      ; print Cluster of boot file
+    call PrintDWORD     ; void PrintDWORD(uint32_t dword)
+    add sp, 0x4
+
+    ; TODO: using first cluster information, start loading the kernel to memory
+    ; TODO: going to need an elf parser,  some unreal mode file buffer functions to move the data
+hcf:
+    ERROR STEVIA_DEBUG_OK
+
+; ##############################
+;
+; SYSTEM CONFIGURATION FUNCTIONS & MACROS
+;
+; ##############################
+
+; set ds and es segments back to the base of the loader
+%ifnmacro __TINY_DS_ES
+%macro __TINY_DS_ES 0
+    mov ax, __STAGE2_SEGMENT
+    mov ds, ax
+    mov es, ax
+%endmacro
+%endif
+
+; for copying between locations in high memory
+%ifnmacro __REFLAT_DS_ES
+%macro __REFLAT_DS_ES 0
+    cli                                   ; no interrupts   
+    lgdt [((__STAGE2_SEGMENT << 4) + unreal_gdt_info)]                 ; load unreal gdt
+
+    mov eax, cr0                          
+    or eax, 1                             ; set pmode bit
+    mov cr0, eax                          ; switch to pmode
+    jmp short $+2                         ; i-cache flush
+
+    mov ax, 0x10                          ; select descriptor 2
+    mov ds, ax
+    mov es, ax               
+
+    mov eax, cr0
+    and eax, ~1                           ; toggle bit 1 of cr0
+    mov cr0, eax                          ; back to realmode
+    jmp short $+2                         ; i-cache flush
+    sti
+
+%endmacro
+%endif
+
+; for copying from low memory to high memory (ds on a real segment, es in flat mode)
+%ifnmacro __REFLAT_ES
+%macro __REFLAT_ES 0
+    cli                                   ; no interrupts   
+    lgdt [((__STAGE2_SEGMENT << 4) + unreal_gdt_info)]                 ; load unreal gdt
+
+    mov eax, cr0                          
+    or eax, 1                             ; set pmode bit
+    mov cr0, eax                          ; switch to pmode
+    jmp short $+2                         ; i-cache flush
+
+    mov ax, 0x10                          ; select descriptor 2
+    mov es, ax                            
+
+    mov eax, cr0
+    and eax, ~1                           ; toggle bit 1 of cr0
+    mov cr0, eax                          ; back to realmode
+    jmp short $+2                         ; i-cache flush
+    sti
+
+%endmacro
+%endif
+
+ALIGN 4, db 0x90
+EnterUnrealMode:
+    __CDECL16_PROC_ENTRY
+    cli                                   ; no interrupts
+.func:    
+    lgdt [((__STAGE2_SEGMENT << 4) + unreal_gdt_info)]                 ; load unreal gdt
+
+    mov eax, cr0                          
+    or eax, 1                             ; set pmode bit
+    mov cr0, eax                          ; switch to pmode
+
+    ; set cs to a pm code segment (0x8) w/ the following
+    jmp 0x0008:EnterUnrealMode.set_segs
+.set_segs:
+    mov ax, 0x10                          ; select descriptor 2
+    mov ds, ax                            ; 10h = 0001_0000b
+    mov es, ax                            ; es to big data
+
+    mov fs, ax
+    mov gs, ax                            ; extra segments to big data as well
+.pm_start:
+    ; code here is running in protected mode w/ descriptor 0x8
+    ; insert any PM test code needed here
+.pm_end:
+    mov eax, cr0
+    and eax, ~1                           ; toggle bit 1 of cr0
+    mov cr0, eax                          ; back to realmode
+    jmp __STAGE2_SEGMENT:EnterUnrealMode.endp
+.endp:
+    sti                                   ; re-enable interupts
+
+    ; set ds, es to the STAGE2_SEGMENT, for our model (generally) ds == es == cs
+    ; fs, gs & ss are all still huge data model, and the macro(s) "__REFLAT_xxx" exists
+    ; to easily access data outside of 64KiB boundries using ds/es addressing
+    __TINY_DS_ES
+
+    __CDECL16_PROC_EXIT
+    ret
+end_text:
+
+section .data follows=.text
+align 512
+begin_data:
+; #############
+;
+; Strings
+;
+; #############
+%define CRLF 0Dh, 0Ah
+
+%macro define_cstr 2
+    align 16
+    %1_cstr:
+        db %2, 00h
+%endmacro
+
+%macro define_info 2
+    align 16
+    %1_info:
+        db %2, CRLF, 00h
+%endmacro
+
+define_info HelloPrompt, "Hello from Stevia Stage2!"
+define_info A20_Enabled_OK, "A20 Enabled OK"
+define_info MemoryMap_OK, "Memory map OK"
+define_info UnrealMode_OK, "Unreal mode OK"
+define_info FileFound_OK, "Found SFN entry for bootable binary, first cluster -> "
+define_info InitFATSYS_OK, "FAT32 Driver Init..."
+
+define_info SearchFATDIR, "Searching FAT DIR for bootable file..."
+define_info NextFATCluster, "Attempting to find next FAT cluster..."
+define_info ReadFATCluster, "Attempting to load next FAT"
+define_info MaybeFound_Boot, "Maybe found a file...checking..."
+
+define_cstr BootTarget, "BOOT    BIN"
+
+align 16, db 0
+BootTarget:
+    db 'BOOT    BIN'
+
+;
+; pre-bss init globals (generally const...but there are exceptions)
+;
+
+align 8, db 0
+boot_drive:
+    db 0x00
+
+align 8, db 0
+partition_offset:
+    dw 0x0000
+
+align 8, db 0
+vbr_fat32_bpb_ptr:
+    dw 0x0000
+
+align 8, db 0
+vbr_part_table_ptr:
+    dw 0x0000
+
+align 16, db 0
+IntToHex_table:
+    db '0123456789ABCDEF'
+
+; see docs/gdt.txt for a quick refresher on GDT 
+align 16, db 0
+unreal_gdt_info:
+    unreal_gdt_size: dw (unreal_gdt_end - unreal_gdt_start) - 1
+    unreal_gdt_ptr:  dd ((__STAGE2_SEGMENT << 4) + unreal_gdt_start)
+unreal_gdt_start:
+    ; entry 0 (null descriptor)
+    dq 0                    ; first entry is null
+
+    ; entry 1 (0x8) (16bit code 64KiB limit)
+    dd 0x0000FFFF        ; Base Address(15:0) 31:16, Segment Limit(15:0) 15:0
+    db 0x00              ; Base Address 23:16
+    db 1001_1010b        ; Access Byte: Present, ring0, S = 1, executable (1), non-conforming, readable, Accessed
+    db 0000_0000b        ; Flags: GR = 4KiB, attr = <DB/L/Avl>, Granularity = 4KiB & 16:19 of limit
+    db 0x00              ; Base Address 31:24
+
+    ; entry 2 (0x10) (16bit data segment with 4 GiB flat mapping)
+    dd 0x0000FFFF        ; Base Address(15:0) 31:16, Segment Limit(15:0) 15:0
+    db 0x00              ; Base Address(23:16)
+    db 1001_0010b        ; Access Byte: Present, ring0, S = 1, data (0), non-confirming, writable, present
+    db 1000_1111b        ; Flags: GR = 4KiB, attr = <16-bit/?/?>, Granularity = 4KiB & 16:19 of limit
+    db 0x00              ; Base Address(31:24)
+unreal_gdt_end:
+
+align 16, db 0
+gdt32_info:
+    gdt32_size: dw (gdt32_end - gdt32_start) - 1
+    gdt32_ptr:  dd ((__STAGE2_SEGMENT << 4) + gdt32_start)
+gdt32_start:
+    dq 0
+    .gdt32_code:
+        dw 0xFFFF       ; code segment (RX)
+        dw 0x0000
+        db 0x00
+        db 1001_1000b   ; Access: readable, executable
+        db 1100_1111b   ; 4KB granularity, 32-bit
+        db 0x00
+    .gdt32_data:        ; data segment (RW)
+        dw 0xFFFF
+        dw 0x0000
+        db 0x00
+        db 1001_0010b    ; Access: readable, writable
+        db 1100_1111b    ; 4KB granularity, 32-bit
+        db 0x00
+    .gdt32_stack:        ; Stack segment (RW)
+        dw 0xFFFF
+        dw 0x0000
+        db 0x00
+        db 1001_0010b    ; Access: readable, writable
+        db 1100_1111b    ; 4KB granularity, 32-bit
+        db 0x00
+    .gdt32_ro_data:      ; Read-only data segment (RO)
+        dw 0xFFFF
+        dw 0x0000
+        db 0x00
+        db 1001_0000b    ; Access: readable, not writable
+        db 1100_1111b    ; 4KB granularity, 32-bit
+        db 0x00
+gdt32_end:
+
+align 16,db 0
+BUILD_NASM_VER:
+    db "Stevia Stage2 built with NASM - ", __NASM_VER__, 00h
+
+align 16,db 0
+BUILD_DATETIME:
+    db 'Assembled - ', __DATE__, ' ', __TIME__, 00h
+
+align 16,db 0
+BUILD_GIT_VER:
+    db __GIT_VER__, 00h
+
+align 16,db 0
+BUILD_GIT_HASH:
+    db __GIT_HASH__, 00h
+end_data:
+
+%assign bytes_remaining ((MAX_STAGE2_BYTES - 4) - (($ - $$) + (end_text - begin_text)))
+%warning STAGE2 has bytes_remaining bytes remaining for code/data (MAX: MAX_STAGE2_BYTES)
+
+; section start location needs to be a 'critical expression'
+; i.e resolvable at build time, we are setting 0x7E00 as the offset since
+section .sign start=((MAX_STAGE2_BYTES - 512) + 0x0500)
+times ((512 - 4) - ($ -$$) ) db 0x90     ; nop
+STAGE2_SIG: dd 0xDEADBEEF                ; Signature to mark the end of the stage2
+
+section .bss follows=.sign
+begin_bss:
+; structures
+
+align 16, resb 1
+partition_table: 
+    resb PartTable_t_size
+
+align 16, resb 1
+fat32_bpb: 
+    resb FAT32_bpb_t_size
+fat32_ebpb: 
+    resb FAT32_ebpb_t_size
+
+align 16, resb 1
+fat32_nc_data: 
+    resb 16
+
+align 16, resb 1
+lba_packet: 
+    resb LBAPkt_t_size
+
+align 16, resb 1
+fat32_state:
+    resb FAT32_State_t_size
+
+align 16, resb 1
+SteviaInfo:
+    resd 4
+
+align 16, resb 1
+early_heap_state:
+    resb ArenaStateStruc_t_size
+;
+; post-bss init globals
+;
+
+;
+; large continuous allocations
+;
+align 16, resb 1
+disk_buffer:
+    resb 512
+fat_buffer:
+    resb 512
+dir_buffer:
+    resb 512
+fat_fsinfo:
+    resb 512
+
+; TODO: this will hold 42 entries from the map function
+; the e820 function needs to check that it doesn't overflow
+; but realisticly 42 entries is enough for dev work
+align 16, resb 1
+%define BIOSMemoryMap_SIZE 1024
+BIOSMemoryMap:
+    resb BIOSMemoryMap_SIZE
+
+align 16, resb 1
+stack_bottom:
+    resb 1024
+stack_top:
+end_bss:

src/vbr/vbr.nasm

@@ -0,0 +1,190 @@
+; Copyright (C) 2025 Elaina Claus
+; 
+;     This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+;     it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+;     the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+;     (at your option) any later version.
+; 
+;     This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+;     but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+;     MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+;     GNU General Public License for more details.
+; 
+;     You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+;     along with this program.  If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+[BITS 16]
+[ORG 0x7C00]
+[CPU KATMAI]
+[WARNING -reloc-abs-byte]
+[WARNING -reloc-abs-word]
+[map all build/vbr.map]                   ; Yes, we use absolute addresses. surpress these warnings.
+%define __STEVIA_VBR
+section .text
+__ENTRY:
+    jmp short (init - $$)
+    nop
+
+; fill BPB area with 0x00 since we skip writing this part to disk
+; but we need it for the 'jmp short entry; nop' above
+times 33 db 0x00
+phy_ebpb_start:
+; fill eBPB area with 0x00 since we skip writing this part to disk
+times 54 db 0x00
+
+; ###############
+;
+; Headers/Includes/Definitions
+;
+; ###############
+
+%include "util/bochs_magic.inc"
+%include "cdecl16.inc"
+%include "entry.inc"
+%include "config.inc"
+%include "early_mem.inc"
+%include "error_codes.inc"
+%include "partition_table.inc"
+%include "fat32/fat32_structures.inc"
+
+%undef __STEVIA_DEV_DEBUG
+
+; dl = boot_drive
+; si = part_offset
+; bx = partition_table location from mbr
+ALIGN 4
+init:
+    cli                             ; We do not want to be interrupted
+    xor ax, ax                      
+    mov ds, ax                      ; Set segment registers to 0x0000
+    mov es, ax
+    mov fs, ax
+    mov gs, ax
+    
+    mov ss, ax                      ; Set Stack Segment to 0
+    mov sp, end_bss                 ; Setup stack
+    mov bp, sp                      ; base ptr = stack ptr
+
+    ; zero bss section
+    mov cx, (end_bss - begin_bss)     ; count = bss length                    
+    mov ax, begin_bss
+    mov di, ax                        ; es:di is dest
+    xor ax, ax
+    cld
+    rep stosb                          
+    
+    sub sp, 0x20                    ; local varible space (32 bytes)
+    push bp
+
+    sti                             ; all done with inital setup and relocation, reenable interupts
+
+    jmp 0:main                      ; fix up cs:ip just in case and jump to relocated code
+
+; ###############
+; Extra/Shared Functions
+; ###############
+
+%include "util/kmem_func.nasm"
+%include "util/error_func.nasm"
+
+; ###############
+; End Section
+; ###############
+
+;
+; byte boot_drive @ bp - 2
+; word part_offset @ bp - 4
+; ptr partition_table
+ALIGN 4, db 0x90
+main:
+    mov byte [bp - 2], dl                 ; boot_drive
+    mov word [bp - 4], si                 ; part_offset
+    mov word [bp - 6], bx                 ; partition_table
+
+.load_fs_data:
+    mov ax, PartTable_t_size                           ; count=
+    push ax                                             
+    mov ax, [bp - 6]                                   ; src= ptr partition_table
+    push ax
+    mov ax, partition_table                            ; dst=      
+    push ax
+    call kmemcpy                                       ; copy partition table data
+    add sp, 0x6
+
+    mov ax, (FAT32_bpb_t_size + FAT32_ebpb_t_size)     ; size in byte, should be 90 bytes
+    push ax
+    mov ax, __ENTRY                                    
+    push ax
+    mov ax, fat32_bpb                                  ; 
+    push ax
+    call kmemcpy                                       ; copy bpb & ebpb to memory
+    add sp, 0x6
+
+.check_FAT_size:                     ; we only support a very specific setup of FAT32
+    mov bx, fat32_bpb
+    test word [bx + FAT32_bpb_t.unused2_ZERO_word], 0      ; TotSectors16 will not be set if FAT32
+    jz main.load_stage2
+    ERROR VBR_ERROR_WRONG_FAT_SIZE
+.load_stage2:
+    ; read sectors 1-(MAX_STAGE2_BYTES / 512) to stage2 entry point
+    movzx ax, byte [bp - 2]
+    push ax                                            ; drive_num
+
+    mov ax, STAGE2_SECTOR_COUNT
+    push ax                                            ; count
+
+    mov dword eax, 0x1
+    push dword eax                                     ; lba
+
+    mov ax, STAGE2_ENTRY
+    push ax                                            ; offset
+
+    xor ax, ax
+    push ax                                            ; segment = 0
+
+    ; uint8_t read_stage2_raw(uint16_t buf_segment, uint16_t buf_offset, 
+    ;                         uint32_t lba,
+    ;                         uint16_t count, uint16_t drive_num)
+    call read_disk_raw
+    add sp, 0xC
+.enter_stage2:
+    mov dl, byte [bp - 2]               ; byte boot_drive
+    mov ax, word [bp - 4]               ; word part_offset
+    mov si, partition_table             ; ptr partition_table
+    mov di, fat32_bpb                   ; ptr fat32_bpb
+    jmp word 0x0000:STAGE2_ENTRY
+
+; ###############
+; Required BIOS function(s)
+; ###############
+
+%include 'BIOS/func/ext_read.nasm'
+
+%assign bytes_remaining (420 - ($ - $$))
+%warning VBR has bytes_remaining bytes remaining for code (MAX: 420 bytes)
+
+times (510 - ($ - $$)) nop     ; Fill the rest of sector with nop
+
+BootSig:
+    dw 0xAA55                    ; Add boot signature at the end of bootloader
+
+section .bss follows=.text
+begin_bss:
+
+align 16, resb 1
+partition_table resb PartTable_t_size
+
+align 16, resb 1
+fat32_bpb resb FAT32_bpb_t_size
+fat32_ebpb resb FAT32_ebpb_t_size
+
+align 16, resb 1
+fat32_nc_data resb 16
+
+align 16, resb 1
+lba_packet resb LBAPkt_t_size
+
+align 512, resb 1
+stack_bottom resb 512                  ; 512b stack early on
+stack_top:
+vbr_redzone resb 32
+end_bss:

src/vbr/vbr.s

@@ -1,225 +0,0 @@
-; Copyright (c) 2023 Elaina Claus
-;
-; Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
-; of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
-; in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
-; to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
-; copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
-; furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
-;
-; The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
-; copies or substantial portions of the Software.
-;
-; THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
-; IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
-; FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
-; AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
-; LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
-; OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE
-; SOFTWARE.
-
-
-[BITS 16]
-[ORG 0x7C00]
-[CPU KATMAI]
-jmp short init
-nop
-
-bpb_start:
-; fill BPB area with 0x00 since we skip writing this part to disk
-; but we need it for the 'jmp short entry; nop' above
-times 33 db 0x00
-
-ebpb_start:
-; fill BPB area with 0x00 since we skip writing this part to disk
-; but we need it for the 'jmp short entry; nop' above
-times 54 db 0x00
-
-%include "entry.inc"
-init:
-    cli                         ; We do not want to be interrupted
-
-    xor ax, ax                  ; 0 AX
-    mov ds, ax                  ; Set segment registers to 0
-    mov es, ax                  ; *
-
-    mov ss, ax                  ; Set Stack Segment to 0
-    mov sp, STACK_START         ; Setup stack
-    mov bp, sp                  ; base ptr = stack ptr
-
-    mov bx, VBR_ENTRY           ; move BP to the new start of the initial boot sector
-
-    jmp 0:main                  ; fix up cs:ip just in case and jump to relocated code
-
-%include "config.inc"
-%include "errors.inc"
-%include "memory.inc"
-
-%include "partition_table.inc"
-
-%include "fat32/bpb.inc"
-
-
-
-main:
-    sti                         ; all done with inital setup and relocation, reenable interupts
-    mov [bsDriveNumber], dl     ; BIOS passes drive number in DL
-    mov [partition_offset], si  ; save passed partition entry offset
-
-.check_FAT_size:
-    cmp dword [bsSectorHuge], 0      ; SectorsHuge will not be set if FAT12/16
-    ja main.load_stage2
-
-    ERROR VBR_ERROR_WRONG_FAT_SIZE
-
-; read sectors 1-63 to stage2 entry point
-.load_stage2:
-    push bp
-    mov bp, sp
-
-    ;uint8_t read_disk_raw(size_t count, uint16_t buf_segment, uint16_t buf_offset, 
-    ;                      uint16_t lower_lower_lba, uint16_t upper_lower_lba)
-
-    xor ax, ax
-    push ax         ; upper_lower_lba = 0
-
-    mov ax , 1
-    push ax         ; lower_lower_lba = 1
-
-    xor ax, ax
-    push ax          ; offset = 0
-
-    ; 07E0:0
-    mov ax, STAGE2_ENTRY
-    shr ax, 4
-    push ax          ; segment = 7E0
-
-    mov ax, STAGE2_SECTOR_COUNT
-    push ax
-
-    call read_disk_raw
-    leave
-
-.check_sig:
-    mov ax, 0x7E0
-    mov fs, ax
-    cmp dword [fs:0x7FFC], 0xDEADBEEF
-    je main.sig_ok
-
-    ERROR VBR_ERROR_NO_SIGNATURE          ; no signature present in stage2
-    
-.sig_ok:
-    push bp
-    mov bp, sp
-    mov ax, fat32_bpb_SIZE          ; size in byte
-    push ax
-    mov ax, bpb_start               ; start of bpb
-    push ax
-    mov ax, fat32_bpb               ; defined in memory.inc, destination
-    push ax
-    call kmemcpy                    ; copy bpb to memory
-    leave
-
-    push bp
-    mov bp, sp
-    mov ax, fat32_ebpb_SIZE          ; 72 bytes of data
-    push ax
-    mov ax, ebpb_start               ; start of ebpb
-    push ax
-    mov ax, fat32_ebpb               ; defined in memory.inc, destination
-    push ax
-    call kmemcpy                     ; copy ebpb to memory
-    leave
-
-    mov si, [partition_offset]
-    mov dl, [bsDriveNumber]
-    jmp 0:0x7E00
-
-stop:
-    hlt
-    jmp short stop
-
-; Wrapper for AH=0x42 INT13h (Extended Read)
-;
-; BIOS call details
-; AH = 42h
-; DL = drive number
-; DS:SI -> disk address packet
-;
-; Return:
-; CF clear if successful
-; AH = 00h
-; CF set on error
-; AH = error code
-; disk address packet's block count field set to number of blocks
-; successfully transferred
-;
-;
-; uint8_t read_disk_raw(uint16_t buf_segment, uint16_t buf_offset, uint16_t lower_lower_lba, uint16_t upper_lower_lba)
-; bp-0 = call frame
-; bp-2 = upper_lower_lba
-; bp-4 = lower_lower_lba
-; bp-6 = offset
-; bp-8 = segment
-; bp-10 = count
-; bp-12 = ret ptr
-read_disk_raw:
-    push si
-
-    ; uint8_t* kmemset(void* dest, uint8_t val, size_t len);
-    push bp
-    mov bp, sp
-
-    mov ax, 0x10
-    push ax             ; len = 16 bytes
-    xor ax, ax
-    push ax             ; val = 0
-    mov ax, lba_packet
-    push ax             ; dest = lba_packet address
-
-    call kmemset
-    leave
-
-    mov byte [lba_packet + LBAPkt_t.size], 0x10
-    mov word [lba_packet + LBAPkt_t.xfer_size], STAGE2_SECTOR_COUNT
-
-    mov ax, [bp-2]
-    shl eax, 16
-    mov ax, [bp-4]
-    mov dword [lba_packet + LBAPkt_t.lower_lba], eax
-
-    mov ax, [bp-6]
-    mov word [lba_packet + LBAPkt_t.offset], ax
-
-    mov ax, [bp-8]
-    mov word [lba_packet + LBAPkt_t.segment], ax
-
-    mov si, lba_packet
-    mov ah, 0x42
-    mov dl, byte [bsDriveNumber]
-    int 0x13
-    jnc read_disk_raw.endf
-
-    ERROR VBR_ERROR_DISK_READ_ERR
-.endf:
-    pop si
-    ret
-; Data
-
-; #############
-;
-; Locals
-;
-; #############
-
-; offset from the begining of sector 0 to the active partition.
-partition_offset:
-    dw 0x0000
-
-%assign bytes_remaining (420 - ($ - $$))
-%warning VBR has bytes_remaining bytes remaining for code (MAX: 420 bytes)
-
-times (510 - ($ - $$)) nop     ; Fill the rest of sector with nop
-
-BootSig:
-    dw 0xAA55                    ; Add boot signature at the end of bootloader